首页 >出版文学> Bramble—bees and Others>第18章
  Iprepareboxeswithabedoffresh,siftedearthtoreceivethelarvaeandthepupae,whichIlodgeeachinasortofhalf—cellformedbytheimprintofmyfinger。Iwillawaitthetransformationtodecidetowhichsextheybelong。Asfortheperfectinsects,theyareinspected,countedandatoncereleased。
  Intheveryunlikelysuppositionthatthedistributionofthesexesmightvaryindifferentpartsofthecolony,Imakeasecondexcavation,atafewyards'distancefromtheother。Itsuppliesmewithanothercollectionbothofperfectinsectsandofpupaeandlarvae。
  Whenthemetamorphosisofthelaggardsiscompleted,whichdoesnottakemanydays,Iproceedtotakeageneralcensus。ItgivesmetwohundredandfiftyHalicti。Well,inthisnumberofBees,collectedintheburrowbeforeanyhaveemerged,Iperceivenone,absolutelynonebutfemales;or,tobemathematicallyaccurate,Ifindjustonemale,onealone;andheissosmallandfeeblethathedieswithoutquitesucceedingindivestinghimselfofhisnymphalbands。Thissolitarymaleiscertainlyaccidental。Afemalepopulationoftwohundredandforty—nineHalictiimpliesothermalesthanthisabortion,orratherimpliesnoneatall。Ithereforeeliminatehimasanaccidentofnovalueandconcludethat,intheCylindricalHalictus,theJulygenerationconsistsoffemalesonly。
  Thebuilding—operationsstartagaininthesecondweekofJuly。Thegalleriesarerestoredandlengthened;newcellsarefashionedandtheoldonesrepaired。Followtheprovisioning,thelayingoftheeggs,theclosingofthecells;and,beforeJulyisover,thereissolitudeagain。Letmealsosaythat,duringthebuilding—period,notamaleappearsinsight,afactwhichaddsfurtherprooftothatalreadysuppliedbymyexcavations。
  Withthehightemperatureofthistimeoftheyear,thedevelopmentofthelarvaemakesrapidprogress:amonthissufficientforthevariousstagesofthemetamorphosis。Onthe24thofAugustthereareoncemoresignsoflifeabovetheburrowsoftheCylindricalHalictus,butunderverydifferentconditions。Forthefirsttime,bothsexesarepresent。Males,soeasilyrecognizedbytheirblackliveryandtheirslimabdomenadornedwitharedring,hoverbackwardsandforwards,almostlevelwiththeground。Theyfussaboutfromburrowtoburrow。Afewrarefemalescomeoutforamomentandthengoinagain。
  Iproceedtomakeanexcavationwithmyspade;IgatherindiscriminatelywhateverIcomeacross。Larvaeareveryscarce;
  pupaeabound,asdoperfectinsects。Thelistofmycapturesamountstoeightymalesandfifty—eightfemales。Themales,therefore,hithertoimpossibletodiscover,eitherontheflowersaroundorintheneighbourhoodoftheburrows,couldbepickedupto—daybythehundred,ifIwished。Theyoutnumberthefemalesbyaboutfourtothree;theyarealsofurtherdeveloped,inaccordancewiththegeneralrule,formostofthebackwardpupaegivemeonlyfemales。
  Oncethetwosexeshadappeared,IexpectedathirdgenerationthatwouldspendthewinterinthelarvalstateandrecommenceinMaytheannualcyclewhichIhavejustdescribed。Myanticipationprovedtobeatfault。ThroughoutSeptember,whenthesunbeatsupontheburrows,Iseethemalesflittingingreatnumbersfromoneshafttotheother。Sometimesafemaleappears,returningfromthefields,butwithnopollenonherlegs。Sheseekshergallery,findsit,divesdownanddisappears。
  Themales,asthoughindifferenttoherarrival,offerhernowelcome,donotharassherwiththeiramorouspursuits;theycontinuetovisitthedoorsoftheburrowswithawindingandoscillatingflight。Fortwomonths,Ifollowtheirevolutions。Iftheysetfootonearth,itistodescendforthwithintosomegallerythatsuitsthem。
  Itisnotuncommontoseeseveralofthemonthethresholdofthesameburrow。Theneachawaitshisturntoenter;theyareaspeaceableintheirrelationsasthefemaleswhoarejointownersofaburrow。Atothertimes,onewantstogoinasasecondiscomingout。
  Thissuddenencounterproducesnostrife。Theoneleavingtheholewithdrawsalittletoonesidetomakeenoughroomfortwo;theotherslipspastasbesthecan。Thesepeacefulmeetingsareallthemorestrikingwhenweconsidertheusualrivalrybetweenmalesofthesamespecies。
  Norubbish—moundstandsatthemouthoftheshafts,showingthatthebuildinghasnotbeenresumed;atthemost,afewcrumbsofearthareheapedoutside。Andbywhom,pray?Bythemalesandbythemalone。
  Thelazysexhasbethoughtitselfofworking。Itturnsnavvyandshootsoutgrainsofearththatwouldinterferewithitscontinualentrancesandexits。ForthefirsttimeIwitnessacustomwhichnoHymenopteronhadyetshownme:Iseethemaleshauntingtheinterioroftheburrowswithanassiduityequallingthatofthemothersemployedinnest—building。
  Thecauseoftheseunwontedoperationssoonstandsrevealed。Thefemalesseenflittingabovetheburrowsareveryrare;themajorityofthefemininepopulationremainsequesteredunderground,donotperhapscomeoutonceduringthewholeofthelatterpartofsummer。
  Thosewhodoventureoutgoinagainsoon,empty—handedofcourseandalwayswithoutanyamorousteasingfromthemales,anumberofwhomarehoveringabovetheburrows。
  Ontheotherhand,watchascarefullyasImay,Idonotdiscoverasingleactofpairingoutofdoors。Theweddingsareclandestine,therefore,andtakeplaceunderground。Thisexplainsthemales'
  fussyvisitstothedoorsofthegalleriesduringthehottesthoursoftheday,theircontinualdescentsintothedepthsandtheircontinualreappearances。Theyarelookingforthefemalescloisteredintheretirementofthecells。
  Alittlespade—worksoonturnssuspicionintocertainty。Iunearthasufficientnumberofcouplestoprovetomethatthesexescometogetherunderground。Whenthemarriageisconsummated,thered—
  beltedonequitsthespotandgoestodieoutsidetheburrow,afterdraggingfromflowertoflowerthebitoflifethatremainstohim。
  Theothershutsherselfupinhercell,theretoawaitthereturnofthemonthofMay。
  SeptemberisspentbytheHalictussolelyinnuptialcelebrations。
  Whenevertheskyisfine,Iwitnesstheevolutionsofthemalesabovetheburrows,withtheircontinualentrancesandexits;shouldthesunbeveiled,theytakerefugedownthepassages。Themoreimpatient,half—hiddeninthepit,showtheirlittleblackheadsoutside,asthoughpeepingfortheleastbreakinthecloudsthatwillallowthemtopayabriefvisittotheflowersroundabout。Theyalsospendthenightintheburrows。Inthemorning,Iattendtheirlevee;Iseethemputtheirheadtothewindow,takealookattheweatherandthengoinagainuntilthesunbeatsontheencampment。
  ThesamemodeoflifeiscontinuedthroughoutOctober,butthemalesbecomelessnumerousfromdaytodayasthestormyseasonapproachesandfewerfemalesremaintobewooed。Bythetimethatthefirstcoldweathercomes,inNovember,completesolitudereignsovertheburrows。Ioncemorehaverecoursetothespade。Ifindnonebutfemalesintheircells。Thereisnotonemaleleft。Allhavevanished,allaredead,thevictimsoftheirlifeofpleasureandofthewindandrain。ThusendsthecycleoftheyearfortheCylindricalHalictus。
  InFebruary,afterahardwinter,whenthesnowhadlainonthegroundforafortnight,IwantedoncemoretolookintothematterofmyHalicti。Iwasinbedwithpneumoniaandatthepointofdeath,toallappearances。Ihadlittleornopain,thankGod,butextremedifficultyinliving。Withthelittleluciditylefttome,beingabletodonoothersortofobserving,Iobservedmyselfdying;Iwatchedwithacertaininterestthegradualfallingtopiecesofmypoormachinery。Wereitnotfortheterrorofleavingmyfamily,whowerestillyoung,Iwouldgladlyhavedeparted。Theafter—lifemusthavesomanyhigherandfairertruthstoteachus。
  Myhourhadnotyetcome。Whenthelittlelampsofthoughtbegantoemerge,allflickering,fromtheduskofunconsciousness,IwishedtotakeleaveoftheHymenopteron,myfondestjoy,andfirstofallofmyneighbour,theHalictus。MysonEmiletookthespadeandwentanddugthefrozenground。Notamalewasfound,ofcourse;buttherewereplentyoffemales,numbedwiththecoldintheircells。
  Afewwerebroughtformetosee。Theirlittlechambersshowednoefflorescenceofrime,withwhichallthesurroundingearthwascoated。Thewaterproofvarnishhadbeenwonderfullyefficacious。Asfortheanchorites,rousedfromtheirtorporbythewarmthoftheroom,theybegantowanderaboutmybed,whereIfollowedthemvaguelywithmyfadingeyes。
  Maycame,aseagerlyawaitedbythesickmanasbytheHalicti。I
  leftOrangeforSerignan,mylaststage,Iexpect。WhileIwasmoving,theBeesresumedtheirbuilding。Igavethemaregretfulglance,forIhadstillmuchtolearnintheircompany。Ihaveneversincemetwithsuchamightycolony。
  TheseoldobservationsonthehabitsoftheCylindricalHalictusmaynowbefollowedbyageneralsummarywhichwillincorporatetherecentdatasuppliedbytheZebraHalictusandtheEarlyHalictus。
  ThefemalesoftheCylindricalHalictuswhomIunearthfromNovemberonwardsareevidentlyfecundated,asisprovedbytheassiduityofthemalesduringtheprecedingtwomonthsandmostpositivelyconfirmedbythecouplesdiscoveredinthecourseofmyexcavations。
  Thesefemalesspendthewinterintheircells,asdomanyoftheearly—hatchingmelliferousinsects,suchasAnthophoraeandMason—
  bees,whobuildtheirnestsinthespring,thelarvaereachingtheperfectstateinthesummerandyetremainingshutupintheircellsuntilthefollowingMay。ButthereisthisgreatdifferenceinthecaseoftheCylindricalHalictus,thatintheautumnthefemalesleavetheircellsforatimetoreceivethemalesunderground。Thecouplespairandthemalesperish。Leftalone,thefemalesreturntotheircells,wheretheyspendtheinclementseason。
  TheZebraHalicti,studiedfirstatOrangeandthen,underbetterconditions,atSerignan,inmyownenclosure,havenotthesesubterraneancustoms:theycelebratetheirweddingsamidthejoysofthelight,thesunandtheflowers。IseethefirstmalesappearinthemiddleofSeptember,onthecentauries。Generallythereareseveralofthemcourtingthesamebride。Nowone,thenanother,theyswoopuponhersuddenly,claspher,leaveher,seizeholdofheragain。Fiercebrawlsdecidewhoshallpossessher。Oneisacceptedandtheothersdecamp。Withaswiftandangularflight,theygofromflowertoflower,withoutalighting。Theyhoveronthewing,lookingaboutthem,moreintentonpairingthanoneating。
  TheEarlyHalictusdidnotsupplymewithanydefiniteinformation,partlythroughmyownfault,partlythroughthedifficultyofexcavationinastonysoil,whichcallsforthepick—axeratherthanthespade。IsuspectherofhavingthenuptialcustomsoftheCylindricalHalictus。
  Thereisanotherdifference,whichcausescertainvariationsofdetailinthesecustoms。Intheautumn,thefemalesoftheCylindricalHalictusleavetheirburrowsseldomornotatall。Thosewhodogooutinvariablycomebackafterabriefhaltupontheflowers。Allpassthewinterinthenatalcells。Ontheotherhand,thoseoftheZebraHalictusmovetheirquarters,meetthemalesoutsideanddonotreturntotheburrows,whichmyautumnexcavationsalwaysfinddeserted。Theyhibernateinthefirsthiding—placesthatoffer。
  Inthespring,thefemales,fecundatedsincetheautumn,comeout:
  theCylindricalHalictifromtheircells,theZebraHalictifromtheirvariousshelters,theEarlyHalictiapparentlyfromtheirchambers,likethefirst。Theyworkattheirnestsintheabsenceofanymale,asdoalsotheSocialWasps,whosewholebroodhasperishedexceptingafewmothersalsofecundatedintheautumn。Inbothcases,theassistanceofthemalesisequallyreal,onlyithasprecededthelayingbyaboutsixmonths。
  Sofar,thereisnothingnewinthelifeoftheHalicti;buthereiswheretheunexpectedappears:inJuly,anothergenerationisproduced;andthistimewithoutmales。Theabsenceofmasculineassistanceisnolongerameresemblancehere,duetoanearlierfecundation:itisarealityestablishedbeyondadoubtbythecontinuityofmyobservationsandbymyexcavationsduringthesummerseason,beforetheemergenceofthenewBees。Atthisperiod,alittlebeforeJuly,ifmyspadeunearththecellsofanyoneofmythreeHalicti,theresultisalwaysfemales,nothingbutfemales,withexceedinglyrareexceptions。
  True,itmaybesaidthatthesecondprogenyisduetothemotherswhoknewthemalesinautumnandwhowouldbeabletonidifytwiceayear。Thesuggestionisnotadmissible。TheZebraHalictusconfirmswhatIsay。Sheshowsustheoldmothersnolongerleavingthehomebutmountingguardattheentrancetotheburrows。Noharvesting—orpottery—workispossiblewiththeseabsorbingdoorkeeping—functions。
  Thereforethereisnonewfamily,evenadmittingthatthemothers'
  ovariesarenotdepleted。
  IdonotknowifasimilarargumentisvalidinthecaseoftheCylindricalHalictus。Hassheanygeneralsurvivors?Asmyattentionhadnotyetbeendirectedonthispointintheolddays,whenIhadtheinsectatmydoor,Ihavenorecordstogoupon。Forallthat,I
  aminclinedtothinkthattheportressoftheZebraHalictusisunknownhere。Thereasonofthisabsencewouldbethenumberofworkersatthestart。
  InMay,theZebraHalictus,livingbyherselfinherwinterretreat,foundsherhousealone。Whenherdaughterssucceedher,inJuly,sheistheonlygrandmotherintheestablishmentandthepostofportressfallstoher。WiththeCylindricalHalictus,theconditionsaredifferent。HeretheMayworkersaremanyinthesameburrow,wheretheydwellincommonduringthewinter。Supposingthattheysurvivewhenthebusinessofthehouseholdisfinished,towhomwilltheofficeofoverseerfall?Theirnumberissogreatandtheyareallsofullofzealthatdisorderwouldbeinevitable。Butwecanleavethissmallmatterunsettledpendingfurtherinformation。
  Thefactremainsthatfemales,femalesexclusively,havecomeoutoftheeggslaidinMay。Theyhavedescendants,ofthatthereisnoroomfordoubt;theyprocreatethoughtherearenomalesintheirtime。
  >Fromthisgenerationbyasinglesex,therespring,twomonthslater,malesandfemales。Thesemate;andthesameorderofthingsrecommences。
  Tosumup,judgingbythethreespeciesthatformthesubjectofmyinvestigations,theHalictihavetwogenerationsayear:oneinthespring,issuingfromthemotherswhohavelivedthroughthewinterafterbeingfecundatedintheautumn;theotherinthesummer,thefruitofparthenogenesis,thatistosay,ofreproductionbythepowersofthemotheralone。Oftheunionofthetwosexes,femalesaloneareborn;parthenogenesisgivesbirthatthesametimetofemalesandmales。
  Whenthemother,theoriginalgenitrix,hasbeenableoncetodispensewithacoadjutor,whydoessheneedonelater?Whatisthepunyidlertherefor?Hewasunnecessary。Whydoeshebecomenecessarynow?Shallweeverobtainasatisfactoryanswertothequestion?Itisdoubtful。However,withoutmuchhopeofsucceedingwewillonedayconsulttheGall—fly,whoisbetter—versedthanweinthetangledproblemofthesexes。
  INDEX。
  AlpineOdynerus。
  Amadeus'Eumenes。
  Ammophila(seealsoHairyAmmophila)。
  Andrena。
  AndrenoidOsmia。
  Ant。
  Anthidium(seethevarietiesbelow,Cotton—bee,ResinBee)。
  Anthidiumbellicosum。
  Anthidiumcingulatum(seeGirdledAnthidium)。
  Anthidiumdiadema(seeDiademAnthidium)。
  Anthidiumflorentinum(seeFlorentineAnthidium)。
  AnthidiumLatreillii(seeLatreille'sResin—bee)。
  Anthidiummanicatum(seeManicateAnthidium)。
  Anthidiumquadrilobum(seeFour—lobedResin—bee)。
  Anthidiumscapulare(seeScapularAnthidium)。
  Anthidiumseptemdentatum(seeSeven—prongedResin—bee)。
  Anthocopapapaveris(seeUpholsterer—bee)。
  Anthophora(seealsoAnthophoraoftheWalls,Hairy—footedAnthophora,MaskedAnthophora)。
  AnthophoraoftheWalls。
  Anthophoraparietina(seeAnthophoraoftheWalls)。
  Anthophorapilipes(seeHairy—footedAnthophora)。
  Anthrax(seeAnthraxsinuata)。
  Anthraxsinuata。
  Aphis(seePlant—louse)。
  Archimedes。
  Augustus,theEmperor。
  Bee。
  Beetle。
  Bembex。
  Black,AdamandCharles。
  BlackPlant—louse。
  BlackPsen。
  Black—tippedLeaf—cutter。
  BlueOsmia。
  Book—louse。
  BrownSnail。
  Bulimulusradiatus。
  Bumble—bee。
  Calicurgus(seePompilus)。
  Capricorn。
  Carpenter—bee。
  Cat。
  Cemonusunicolor。
  Cerambyx(seeCapricorn)。
  Ceratina(seealsothevarietiesbelow)。
  Ceratinaalbilabris。
  Ceratinacallosa。
  Ceratinachalcites。
  Ceratinacoerulea。
  Cerceris。
  Cetonia。
  Chaffinch。
  Chalicodoma(seeMason—bee)。
  Chrysisflammea。
  Cockroach。
  Coelyoxiscaudata。
  Coelyoxisoctodentata。
  Colletes。
  CommonSnail。
  CommonWasp。
  Cotton—bee(seealsothevarietiesofAnthidium)。
  Crayfish。
  Cricket。
  Criocerismerdigera(seeLily—beetle)。
  Cryptusbimaculatus。
  Cryptusgyrator。
  CylindricalHalictus。
  Darwin,CharlesRobert。
  Decticusverrucivorus。
  Devillario,Henri。
  DiademAnthidium。
  Dioxyscincta。
  Dog。
  Dragon—fly。
  Dryden,John。
  Dufour,JeanMarieLeon。
  Dung—beetle。
  Dzierzon,Johann。
  EarlyHalictus。
  Earth—worm。
  Earwig。
  Epeira(seeGardenSpider)。
  Ephialtesdivinator。
  Ephialtesmediator。
  Ephippiger。
  EumenesAmadei(seeAmadeus'Eumenes)。
  Euritemarubicola。
  Fabre,Emile,theauthor'sson。
  Fabricius,JohannChristian。
  FeebleLeaf—cutter。
  Field—mouse。
  FlorentineAnthidium。
  Fly(seealsoHouse—fly)。
  Foenuspyrenaicus。
  Four—lobedResin—bee。
  Franklin,Benjamin。
  GardenSnail。
  GardenSpider。
  GirdledAnthidium。
  GirdledSnail(seeBrownSnail)。
  Gnat。
  GoldenOsmia。
  Goldfinch。
  Grasshopper(seealsoGreatGreenGrasshopper)。
  GreatGreenGrasshopper。
  GreatPeacockMoth。
  GreenGrasshopper(seeEphippiger,GreatGreenGrasshopper)。
  GreenOsmia。
  GreyLizard。
  HairyAmmophila。
  Hairy—footedAnthophora。
  Halictus(seealsothevarietiesbelow)。
  Halictuscylindricus(seeCylindricalHalictus)。
  Halictusmalachurus(seeEarlyHalictus)。
  Halictuszebrus(seeZebraHalictus)。
  Hare—footedLeaf—cutter。
  Helixalgira。
  Helixaspersa(seeCommonSnail)。
  Helixcaespitum(seeGardenSnail)。
  Helixnemoralis。
  Helixstriata。
  Heriadesrubicola。
  Herring。
  Hive—bee。
  Honey—bee(seeHive—bee)。
  HornedOsmia。
  House—dog(seeDog)。
  House—fly。
  Kid。
  Kirby,William。
  LaFontaine,Jeande。
  Lamb。
  LanguedocianSphex。
  Laniuscollurio(seeRed—backedShrike)。
  LaPalice,JacquesdeChabannes,Seigneurde。
  Latreille,PierreAndre。
  Latreille'sOsmia。
  Latreille'sResin—bee。
  Leaf—cutter,Leaf—cuttingBee(seeMegachile)。
  Leaf—insect。
  Leucopsis。
  Lily—beetle。
  Lithurgus(seealsothevarietiesbelow)。
  Lithurguschrysurus。
  Lithurguscornutus。
  Lizard(seealsoGreyLizard)。
  Locust。
  Locustaviridissima(seeGreatGreenGrasshopper)。
  MacmillanCo。
  "MademoiselleMori",authorof。
  ManicateAnthidium。
  Mantis,Mantisreligiosa(seePrayingMantis)。
  MaskedAnthophora。
  Mason—bee(seealsothevarietiesbelow)。
  Mason—beeofthePebbles(seeMason—beeoftheWalls)。
  Mason—beeoftheSheds。
  Mason—beeoftheShrubs。
  Mason—beeoftheWalls。
  May—fly。
  Meade—Waldo,Geoffrey。
  Megachile(seealsothevarietiesbelow)。
  Megachilealbocincta(seeWhite—girdledLeaf—cutter)。
  Megachileapicalis(seeBlack—tippedLeaf—cutter)。
  Megachileargentata(seeSilveryLeaf—cutter)。
  MegachileDufourii(seeSilkyLeaf—cutter)。
  Megachileimbecilla(seeFeebleLeaf—cutter)。
  Megachilelagopoda(seeHare—footedLeaf—cutter)。
  Megachilesericans(seeSilkyLeaf—cutter)。
  Melitta(seeColletes)。
  Miall,Bernard。
  MidwifeToad。
  Morawitz'Osmia。
  Odynerus(seealsothevarietiesbelow)
  Odynerusalpestris(seeAlpineOdynerus)。
  Odynerusdelphinalis。
  Odynerusrubicola。
  Oil—beetle。
  Omalusauratus。
  Osmia(seealsothevarietiesbelow)。
  Osmiaandrenoides(seeAndrenoidOsmia)。
  Osmiaaurulenta(seeGoldenOsmia)。
  Osmiacornuta(seeHornedOsmia)。
  Osmiacyanea(seeBlueOsmia)。
  Osmiacyanoxantha。
  Osmiadetrita(seeRaggedOsmia)。
  OsmiaLatreillii(seeLatreille'sOsmia)。
  OsmiaMorawitzi(seeMorawitz'Osmia)。
  Osmiaparvula(seeTinyOsmia)。
  Osmiarufo—hirta(seeRedOsmia)。
  Osmiatricornis(seeThree—hornedOsmia)。
  Osmiatridentata(seeThree—prongedOsmia)。
  Osmiaversicolor(seeVariegatedOsmia)。
  Osmiaviridana(seeGreenOsmia)。
  Pelopaeus。
  Perez,ProfessorJean。
  Philanthus(seePhilanthusapivorus)。
  Philanthusapivorus。
  Plant—louse(seealsoBlackPlant—louse)。
  Pompilus。
  PrayingMantis。
  Prosopisconfusa。
  Psenatratus(seeBlackPsen)。
  Rabelais,Francois。
  RaggedOsmia。
  Reaumur,ReneAntoineFerchaultde。
  Red—backedShrike。
  Red—Osmia。
  Resin—bee(seealsothevarieties)。
  RingedCalicurgus(seePompilus)。
  Rodwell,MissFrances。
  Rosechafer(seeCetonia)。
  Sapyga(seeSpottedSapyga)。
  Sardine。
  ScapularAnthidium。
  Scolia。
  Scorpion。
  Seven—prongedResin—bee。
  Shrike(seeRed—backedShrike)。
  SilkyLeaf—cutter。
  SilveryLeaf—cutter。
  Snail(seealsothevarieties)
  SocialWasp(seeCommonWasp)。
  Soleniuslapidarius。
  Soleniusvagus。
  Sophocles。
  Sparrow。
  Spence,William。
  Sphex(seealsoLanguedocianSphex,Yellow—wingedSphex。)
  SpottedSapyga。
  Stick—insect。
  Stizus。
  Tachina。
  Tachytes。
  Tarantula。
  TeixeiradeMattos,Alexander。
  Termite。
  Three—hornedOsmia。
  Three—prongedOsmia。
  Tiberius,theEmperor。
  TinyOsmia。
  Tripoxylonfigulus。
  UnarmedZonitis(seeZonitismutica)。
  Upholsterer—bee。
  VariegatedOsmia。
  Virgil。
  Wasp(seealsoCommonWasp)。
  WeavingSpider。
  Weevil。
  White—girdledLeaf—cutter。
  Wolf。
  Worm(seeEarth—worm)。
  Xylocopaviolacea(seeCarpenter—bee)。
  Yellow—wingedSphex。
  ZebraHalictus。
  Zonitismutica。