SECT。XIVIamnowcometothemostarduouspartofmyundertaking。Someremedymustbefoundforthegrowingevil，andthose
whichhavebeenhithertoproposedhavebeenfoundinadequate。Inlayingdownaplan，Ishallbeginwithestablishingthegeneralprinciplesonwhichwemustproceed。Itisevidentthen，thatnosystemcanbegoodwhichdoesnot，inthefirstplace，encourageindustry，economy，andsubordination；and，inthesecondplace，regulatepopulationbythedemandforlabour。Topromoteindustryandeconomy，itisnecessarythatthereliefwhichisgiventothepoorshouldbelimitedand
precarious。"Languescetindustria，intendetursocordia，sinullusexsemetusautspes；etsecuriomnesalienasubsidia
expectabunt，sibiignavi，nobisgraves。"Nomanwillbeaneconomistofwater，ifhecangotothewellortothebrookas
oftenasheplease；norwillhewatchwithsolicitousattentiontokeepthebalanceevenbetweenhisincomeand
expenditure，ifheissuretoberelievedinthetimeofneed。Thelabouringpooratpresentaregreatlydefective，bothin
respecttoindustryandeconomy。Consideringthenumberstobemaintained，theyworktoolittle，theyspendtoomuch，
andwhattheyspendisseldomlaidouttothebestadvantage。Whentheyreturnfromthreshingorfromplough，theymight
card，theymightspin，ortheymightknit。Wearetold，thatonethousandpairofShetlandstockingsareannuallyimported
intoLeith，ofwhichthepriceisfromfivetosevenpenceapair:yetlabouratLearwick，thesmallcapitalofShetland
islands，istenpenceaday。Thesestockingsaremadeatleisurehours。Intheseislandstheyhavenodependancebutupon
theirindustryandfrugality。Theyconsumeneithertea，norsugar，norspices，becausetheycannotaffordtopurchasethese
uselessarticles；neitherdotheywearstockingsorshoes，tillbytheirdiligencetheyhaveacquiredsuchaffluenceastobear
thisexpence。Howdifferentistheirsfromthedressanddietofourcommonpeople，whohavelostallideasofeconomy。
Ifbytheirindustrytheycouldprocurethesearticlesofluxury，oriftheirlinen，theircotton，andtheirsilk，werespun，and
wove，andknitintheirownhouses，andatleisurehours，theirdesiretoobtainthesethingswouldbeadvantageoustothe
state:butsurely，ifinthecolderregionsoftheNorththesearenotessentialtotheirexistence，oreventotheirhappiness，
theyshouldbeconsideredintheSouthonlyastherewardsofindustry，andshouldnever，fromthecommonfund，begiven
promiscuouslytoall，astheywillinevitablybe，unlessthatfundshallhavesomeotherlimitsbesidesthewantsand
expectationsofthepoor。Unlessthedegreeofpressurebeincreased，thelabouringpoorwillneveracquirehabitsof
diligentapplication，andofseverefrugality。Toincreasethispressure，thepoor'staxmustbegraduallyreducedincertain
proportionsannually，thesumtoberaisedineachparishbeingfixedandcertain，notboundless，andobligedtoanswer
unlimiteddemands。Thisenormoustaxmighteasilyinthespaceofnineyearsbereducednine—tenths；andtheremainder
beingreservedasapermanentsupply，thepoormightsafelybelefttothefreebountyoftherich，withouttheinterposition
ofanyotherlaw。Butifthewholesystemofcompulsivecharitywereabolished，itwouldbestillbetterforthestate。Iam
notsingularinthisopinion。BaronMontesquieuhasgivenhisopinion，"Quedessecourspassagesvaudroientmieuxque
desé；stabissemensperpetuels；"（24）andourowncountryman，whohadbeenlongconversantwiththisbusiness，hastoldus，
"Iampersuadedthattoprovideforthepoor，whoareunabletowork，mightbesafelylefttovoluntarycharity，unenforcedbyanycompulsivelaw。"（25）Toassisttheindustriouspoor，whohaveneithertoolsnormaterials，butmoreespeciallytotrainupthechildrenofthe
dissoluteinusefullabour，theremightbeineachparishoneormorework—shops，wheretheymightbecertainof
employment，andofdailypayfortheworkperformed。Intheseshopstheyshouldneitherbelodgednorfed，beingtaught
todependeachforhimselfonhisowndiligenceandpatientapplicationtohisbusiness。Thebuilding，thetools，andthematerials，wouldbeallthatrequiredassistancefromthepublicfund。Thegrandresourcehowevershouldbefromthelabouringpoorthemselves，previoustotheirbeingincumberedwith
families。Theyhavethroughoutthekingdomanumberoffriendlysocietiesestablished，whichhavebeenproductiveof
goodeffects，andinsomeplaceshavereducedtherates。Butthesesocietieshavemorethanonedefect。Alltheirmembers
contributeequallytothepublicfund，withoutrespecttotheirability，totheproportionoftheirgains，ortothenumberof
theirchildren。Bythisregulationsomepaytoolittle，otherspaytoomuch。Thesum，whichtheydepositweekly，is
insignificantandtriflingwhencomparedwithwhatitoughttobe。Butthegreatestmisfortuneis，thattheyarealtogether
lefttotheirownoptiontojointhesesocietiesornot；inconsequenceofwhichliberty，manyoftheseassociationsfor
mutualassistancearegoingtodecay。Ifthisbeindeedagoodexpedient，itshouldbepushedasfarasitwillgo:itshould
befirmlyestablished，madeuniversal，andsubjectedtowholesomeregulations。Theunmarriedmanshouldpayonequarter
ofhiswagesweekly，andthefatheroffouryoungchildrennotmorethanonethirtiethofhisincome，whichisnearlythe
sumwhichallcontributetotheirpresentclubs。Todrivethemintothesesocieties，nomanshouldbeintitledtorelieffrom
theparochialfundwhodidnotbelongtooneofthese。Thuswouldsobriety，industry，andeconomy，takeplaceofdrunkenness，idleness，andprodigality，andduesubordinationwouldbeagainrestored。Aslongasitshouldbefoundexpedienttoretainagivenproportionofthepresentpoortax，thedisposalofthisshouldbe
whollyatthediscretionoftheminister，churchwardens，andoverseers，orthemajorityofthem，subjectonlytotheorders
ofavestry。Bythisprovisionthesubordinationofthepoorwouldbemoreeffectuallysecured，andthecivilmagistratewouldbeatlibertytobendhiswholeattentiontothepreservationofthepeace，andtothegoodgovernmentofthepeople。Thisplanwouldbeaidedandassistedmuchbylayingasufficienttaxuponthealehousestoreducetheirnumber，thesebeingtheprincipalnurseriesfordrunkenness，idleness，andvice。Shouldthingsbeleftthustoflowintheirproperchannels，theconsequencewouldbe，that，asfarasitispossibleaccording
tothepresentconstitutionoftheworld，ourpopulationwouldbenolongerunnaturalandforced，butwouldregulateitselfbythedemandforlabour。###第13章Thereremainsonethingmoreforthelegislaturetodo，whichistoincreasethequantityoffood。Thismaybedonewith
ease，bylayingataxuponallhorsesusedinhusbandry，graduallyincreasingthistaxtillthefarmershavereturnedtotheuse
ofoxen。ThischangewouldenableEnglandnotonlytomaintainherpresentpopulation，butgreatlytoincreaseit。Theland
whichnowsupportsonehorse，inproperworkingorder，wouldbeartwooxenfordraftandfortheshambles，ifnotalso
onecowforthepail；oranytwoofthese，withaman，hiswife，andhisthreechildren。Ifweconsiderthenumberofhorses
atpresentusedforhusbandryinthisisland，shouldonlyhalfthatnumbergiveplacetooxen，itwouldnotbeeasyto
calculate，oreventoconceive，allthebenefitsandadvantageswhichthepublicwouldderivefromthisvastincreaseof
food。Inmanyparisheswheretheyhavenomanufactures，butthecultivationofthesoil，thehorsesconsumetheproduceof
morelandthantheinhabitantsthemselvesrequire。Supposeaparishtoconsistoffourthousandacresofarableandpasture
land；letthisbecultivatedbyonehundredandfiftyhorses，andletitfeedonethousandsouls:nowif，forthepresent，we
allowonlytwoacresofoatsandtwoofhayforeachofthehorses，theamountwillbesixhundredproductiveacres，which
willbemorethansufficienttofeedthegivennumberofinhabitants。Butthefactis，thatahorse，tobefullyfed，requires
fivetonofhay，andfromthirteentothree—and—twentyquartersofoats，perannum，accordingtohiswork。Somefarmers
allowtheformer，andthelatterisgivenbythegreatcarriersonthepublicroads，whichwouldbringthecomputationto
abouteightacreseachforhorsesusedinhusbandry；butthenfewfarmerssuffertheirhorsestobehighlyfed。Ifweallow
threeacresofpastureforeachoxorcow，andconsider，thatincalculatingthequantityoflandsufficienttomaintainateam
ofhorses，theneedfulfallowsmustbecarriedtoaccount，weshallnotbeatalossforfood，whenwehavesubstitutedtwooxen，andonefamilyoffivepersons，intheplaceofeveryhorse。Itmustbeconfessed，thatthetaxonhorseswouldbeapparentlyataxonhusbandry，butinrealityitwouldonlybeataxon
prideandprejudice。Neitherwoulditbeataxforthepurposeofrevenue，whichwouldcertainlybemostimpolitic；butit
wouldbeataxfortheregulationoftrade，beneficialtothepublic，andhighlyadvantageoustothefarmer。InChinatheyuse
fewcattleinthecultivationofthesoil，andthereforetheyareabletosupportamoreabundantpopulation。Byrevertingto
theantientpracticeofploughingwithoxeninsteadofhorses，weshouldenjoythesameadvantage；andtillthepopulationofourcountryhadfounditsutmostlimits，weshouldrejoiceinaffluence。Withthesameintentions，thelegislatureshouldfacilitatethelayingcommonfieldsinseverally，leavingtheinclosureof
theselandstoeveryman'sdiscretion。Wherevertheseallotmentshavebeencarriedintoexecution，thevalueoflandhas
beennearlydoubled。Yet，independentoftheexertion，thetime，andthefatigue，requisitetoprocureaprivateactof
parliamentforthispurpose，theexpenceoftheactitself，andoftheconsequentinclosure，ismorethanmanyaretoincur。
Thattheimproversoflandshouldbesubjecttothisexpenceisnotjust，andthatmenshouldbeobligedtoinclosethese
landsisneitherjustnorwise；becausehedge—rowsconsumemuchland，stintthegrowthofcorn，causeittolodge，prevent
itsdrying，andbarbourbirds。Ifmenareleftatliberty，withoutrestraint，whentheyfinditfortheirinteresttoinclose，theywillinclose。ShouldtheHouseofCommons，agreeabletotheresolutionsof1775，enterseriouslyintothisbusiness，andadoptsuch
regulationsasmayeffectuallyrelievethepublicfromthegrievousandstillincreasingburthen，whichformorethanhalfa
centuryhasbeenthesubjectofseriousinvestigationandofloudcomplaints；itwillbenecessaryformagistratestopay
morethancommonattentiontothepolice，tillindustryandsubordinationshallbeoncemorerestored。Thereinshavebeen
heldwithaloosehand，atatimewhentheidlenessandextravagance，thedrunkennessanddissipation，withtheconsequentcrimesandvicesofthelowerclassesofthepeople，calledforthemoststrenuousexertionsofthemagistrate，andthemoststrictexecutionofthelaws。Ifthelabouringpoor，inhealth，previoustomarriage，andwhilsttheirfamiliesaresmall，arecompelledtoraiseafundfor
theirownsupport，incaseofsicknessoroldage；therecanbenodoubt，thatwhenatanytime，frompeculiar
circumstances，thisfundshallproveinadequate，themostliberalcontributionswillbemadetorelieveanyoccasionaldistress。Noonecandoubtofthis，whohaswitnessed
thegenerouseffortswhichwerelatelymadetoassistthewoollenmanufacturersinGloucestershireduringthestagnationof
theirtrade。Moneywascollectedforthemfromalltheadjacentcounties，andinthemetropolis，tofeedandtoemploythem。AtMinchinHamptonin
particular，whenthepoor'staxwassevenshillingsinthepoundontherackrents，andtheirpoorweremorethancommonly
distressed，twothousandtwohundredpersonswerecloathed，fed，andsettowork，byvoluntarybenefactions。Itshouldbe
added，forthecreditofthesepoorpeople，thattheyworkedfromsixinthemorningtilleightatnight。Hadthemanufacture
fallentorisenomore，themanufacturersmustinreasonhaveretired，ormusthaveturnedtheirhandstosomethingelse；
becausenofund，notax，nocharitablecontributions，cansupportsuchamultitudeofpeoplewhentheirtradeisgone。In
casesofsuddenemergencyassistancewillbeloudlycalledfor，andtheaffluentwillnotbetardyinsendingasupply。The
Englishhaveneveryetbeenchargedwithwantofcharity。Theyneednotmanyargumentstoexcitetheirpityand
compassion:theonlydifficultyistorestraintheimpetuosityoftheirbenevolence，andtodirecttheirbountytowardsthemostworthyobjects。Besidesthesesuddenemergencies，affectingthewholedistrictswhereextensivemanufacturesareestablished，individuals
mustbeeversubjecttooccasionaldistress，fromvariousaccidentsandfromunexpectedlosses，which，withoutthekind
assistanceofafriend，theyarenotabletosupport。Insuchcircumstances，wherecanthesuffererlookforhelp？Nottothe
overseersofthepoor；fortheirauthoritydoesnotextendbeyondfoodandraiment。Tomakegoodhislosses，andto
supporthiminhisstation，industryindistresscanfindnosufficientrefugebutinthegenerousaidofhismoreaffluentand
charitableneighbours。Thisrefugewillneverfailhim；norwilltheyeversufferhimtowant，iftheyareabletorelievehim，andifhehasprovedhimselfworthyofcompassion。Torelievethepoorbyvoluntarydonationsisnotonlymostwise，politic，andjust；isnotonlymostagreeablebothto
reasonandtorevelation；butitismosteffectualinpreventingmisery，andmostexcellentinitself，ascherishing，insteadof
rancour，malice，andcontention，theoppositeandmostamiableaffectionsofthehumanbreast，pity，compassion，and
benevolenceintherich，love，reverence，andgratitudeinthepoor。Nothinginnaturecanbemoredisgustingthanaparish
pay—table，attendantuponwhich，inthesameobjectsofmisery，aretoooftenfoundcombined，snuff，gin，rags，vermin，
insolence，andabusivelanguage；norinnaturecananythingbemorebeautifulthanthemildcomplacencyofbenevolence，
hasteningtothehumblecottagetorelievethewantsofindustryandvirtue，tofeedthehungry，tocloaththenaked，andto
sooththesorrowsofthewidowwithhertenderorphans；nothingcanbemorepleasing，unlessitbetheirsparklingeyes，
theirburstingtears，andtheirupliftedhands，theartlessexpressionsofunfeignedgratitudeforunexpectedfayours。Such
sceneswillfrequentlyoccurwhenevermanshallhavepowertodisposeoftheirownproperty。Whenthepoorareobliged
tocultivatethefriendshipoftherich，therichwillneverwantinclinationtorelievethedistressesofthepoor。
FINIS。
NOTES:
1。Deut。xxviii。52。
2。Job，xxix。
3。SirWilliamPetty，P。Arithmetic。
4。L。ii。p。73，74。edit。Elf。
5。Hesiod，302。
6。Geddes，AccountoftheMoriscoes。
7。Smith，WealthofNations。
8。Virgil'sComplaint。
9。Dampier，Vol。ii。Partii。p。61。
10。Dampier，Vol。i。Partii。p。88。
11。Ulloa，B。ii。C。4……
12。SketchesonMan，P。56。
13。Deut。xv。11。
14。Smith，WealthofNations。
15。43Eliz。
16。3and4W。andM。
17。9Geo。I，c。7。
18。8and9W。c。30。f。:2。
19。Actsiv。32。
20。Actsv。4。
21。2Cor。ix。7。
22。Matt。xxv。
23。2Thess。iii。8—10。
24。L。xxiii。C。29。
25。FieldingonRobbers。