§；6。Fortothisvitalpointwemustreturn。Thesubstitutionofdirectsocialcontrolfortheprivateprofit-seekingmotiveinthenormalprocessesofourindustriesisessentialtoanysoundschemeofsocialreconstruction。Fornototherwisecanwegetthesocialmeaningofindustryrepresentedconsciouslyinthecooperativewillofthehumanfactorsofproduction。Itisnottoomuchtosaythatthepaceofcivilisationfornations，ofmoralprogressforindividuals，dependsuponthisradicalreconstructionofcommonindustry。Fortheexistingstructureofordinarybusinesslifeinhibitstherealisationofitssocialmeaningbythestressitlaysuponthediscordantandtheseparatistinterests。Thestruggletokeeportoimproveone'sholduponsomeplaceintheindustrialsystem，towinalivelihood，tomakesomegainthatinvolvesalosstosomeoneelse，derationalisestheintelligenceanddemoralisesthecharacterofallofus。
　　Thisderationalisationanddemoralisationareseentoberootedinthedefectivestructureandworkingofindustrialismitself。
　　Ifindustrywerefairlyapportionedamongall，accordingtothecapabilityofeach，ifPropertywereallottedtoeachaccordingtohisneeds，bysomenaturalprocessofdistributionasregularandcertainastheprocessoftheplanets，personswouldnotneedtothinkorfeelverykeenlyaboutsuchthingsasIndustryandProperty:theirintellectsandheartswouldbefreeforotherinterestsandactivities。
　　Buttheinsecurity，irregularityandinjusticeofeconomicdistributionkeepIndustryandPropertycontinuallyintheforegroundofthepersonalconsciousness。
　　HerecomesintoterriblereliefthemoralsignificanceoftheunearnedSurplusthetermwhichgathersallthebadoriginsofPropertyintothefocusofasingleconcept。
　　Atpresentmuchindustryisconducted，muchPropertyisacquired，bymodeswhichareunjust，irrationalandsociallyinjurious。Legalprivilege，economicforce，naturalorcontrivedscarcity，luck，personalfavour，inheritance——sucharethemeansbywhichlargequantitiesofpropertycometobepossessedbypersonswhohavenotcontributedanyconsiderableproductiveefforttotheirmaking。
　　Suchpropertystandsintheeyeofthelaw，andinthepopularregard，uponpreciselythesamefootingasthatownedbythosewhohaveearneditbythesweatoftheirbrow，ortheeffortoftheirbrain。Thefailureofsomanythoughtfulmenandwomentoappreciatethevitalbearingoftheissueoforiginsuponthevalidityofpropertyisthesupremeevidenceoftheinjuriousreactionsofthepresentpropertysystemuponthehumanmind。Thecrucialmoralfallacywhichitevokesisthecontention，seriouslyputforthbycertainsocialphilosophers，aswellasbysocialreformers，thatpropertyacquiredinthewaysIhavejustindicatedisvalidatedinreasonandmoralitybythegoodusestowhichitmaybeputbyitsowners。
　　Mr。CarnegieandMr。Rockefellerhaveseriouslypropoundedthetheorythatcertainindividualsareendowedbynatureorbycircumstanceswiththeopportunityandpowerofaccumulatinggreatwealth，butthattheirwealth，thoughlegallytheirprivateproperty，isrightlytoberegardedbythemasa'socialtrust'tobeadministeredbythemforthebenefitoftheirfellow-men。Itseemstothemamatterofindifferencethatthiswealthis'unearned，'providedthatitisproductivelyexpended。Sofragmentsofprofits，earnedbysweatinglabourorbyrackrentingtenants，arespentonpensions，publichospitalsorhousingreform。Fractionsoftheexcessivepricestheconsumingpublicpaystoprivilegedtransportcompaniesor'protected'
　　manufacturersaregivenbackinparksoruniversities。Greatinheritances，passingonthedeathofrichbankers，contractorsorcompanypromoters，dropheavytearsofcharitytosoftenthefateofthosewhohavefailedinthebusinessstruggle。Fortunes，gainedbysettingnationagainstnation，areappliedtopromotethecauseofinternationalpeace。Thishumorisinevitable。Unearnedpropertycanfindnosocialusesmoreexigentthantheapplicationofcharitableremediestotheverydiseasestowhichitowesitsorigin。Soeverywherewefindthebeneficiariesofeconomicforce，luck，favourandprivilege，tryingtopourbalmandoilintothewoundswhichtheyhavemade。Theeffectoftheprocess，andwhatmaybecalleditsunconsciousintention，istodefendtheirrationalityandinjusticeoftheseunearnedpropertiesbybuyingoffclearscrutinyintotheirorigins。
　　Sometimes，indeed，theintentionattainsameasureofclearconsciousness，asinthecaseswhererichmenorfirmsregardthesubscriptionsgiventopublicpurposesassoundbusinessexpenditure，applyingonefractionoftheirgrossprofitstoapropitiationfundastheyapplyanothertoaninsurancefund。
　　§；7。Theradicaldefectofthisdoctrineandpracticeofthe'socialtrust'isitsfalseseveranceoforiginfromuse。Theorganiclawofindustryhasjoinedoriginanduse，workandwealth，productionandconsumption。
　　Itaffirmsanaturalandnecessaryrelationbetweengettingandspending。
　　Amanwhoputsnoeffortintogetting，arent-receiver，cannotputwell-directedeffortintospending。Heisbynaturalproclivityawastrel。Amanwhoispurelyselfishinhisgetting，asthesweater，gambler，ormonopolist，cannotbesocialinhisspending。Therecipientofunearnedincomeisimpelledbytheconditionsofhisbeingtoalifeofidlenessandluxury:thisisthelifeheisfittedfor。Heisunfittedfortheadministrationofasocialtrust。
　　Theseobvioustruths，sofatallyneglected，arenovaguemaximsofrevolutionaryethics，butarefirmlyrootedinphysicalandmoralfact。
　　Wehaveseenthatthereisthroughoutorganiclifeaquantitativeandqualitativerelationbetweenfunctionandnutrition，eachbeingtheconditionoftheother。Hewhodoesnoteatcannotwork；hewhodoesnotworkcannoteat。
　　Itistruethatthelatterlawworkslessdirectlyandlessimmediatelythantheformer。Parasitism，individualorsocial，continuestoexisttomanywalksoflife。Butitneverthrives，italwaystendstodegeneration，atrophyanddecay。Normally，andinthelongrun，itremainstruethat'Whosoeverwillnotwork，neithercanheeat。'Ifthentherecipiencyofunearnedwealth，parasitism，disablestherecipientfromputtinghis'property'
　　tosoundpersonaluses，isitlikelythathecanputittosoundsocialuses？Thoughabnormalinstancesmayseem，hereaselsewhere，tocontravenethenaturallaw，itremainstruethatthepowerofindividualearning，notmerelyinvolvesnopowerofsocialspending，butnegatesthatpower。
　　Itmightevenbecontendedthattherewillbeanaturaldispositionintherecipientofunearnedwealthtospendthatwealthinpreciselythosewaysinwhichitinjuresmostthesocietyheseekstoserve。Thisisprobablythecase。Itismoresociallyinjuriousforthemillionairetospendhissurpluswealthincharitythaninluxury。Forbyspendingitonluxury，hechieflyinjureshimselfandhisimmediatecircle，butbyspendingitincharityheinflictsagraverinjuryuponsociety。Foreveryactofcharity，appliedtohealsufferingarisingfromdefectivearrangementsofsociety，servestoweakenthepersonalspringsofsocialreform，alikebythe'miraculous'
　　reliefitbringstotheindividual'case'thatisrelieved，andbythesofteninginfluenceitexercisesontheheartsandheadsofthosewhowitnessit。Itsubstitutestheideaandthedesireofindividualreformforthoseofsocialreform，andsoweakensthecapacityforcollectiveself-helpinsociety。Themoststrikingtestimonytothejusticeofthisanalysisisfurnishedbythetendencyof'modelmillionaires'todirectalltheircharitytowholesaleandwhattheydeemsocialpurposes，ratherthantoindividualcases。Inordertoavoidtheerrorsofindiscriminatecharity，theyfastentheirmunificenceuponsocietyintheshapeofuniversities，hospitals，parks，librariesandothergeneralbenefits。Realisingquiteclearly，astheythink，thatthecharacterofanindividualisweakenedanddemoralisedbyacharitabledonationwhichenableshimtogetwhatotherwisehecouldonlyhavegotbyhispersonalexertion，theyproceedtoweakenanddemoralisewholecitiesandentirenations，bydoingforthesesocialbodieswhattheyarequitecapableofdoingforthemselvesbytheirowncollectiveexertions。Thesepublicgiftsofmillionairesdebauchthecharacterofcitiesandstatesmoreeffectivelythantheprivategiftsofunreflectingdonorsthecharacterofindividuals。For，whereasmany，ifnotmost，oftheprivaterecipientsofcharityarevictimsofmisfortuneoroflackofopportunity，andarenotfullyresponsiblefortheevilplightinwhichtheystand，thisisnotthecasewithanorganisedself-governingcommunity，aCityoraState。Suchasocietyisable，outofitsownresources，ifitchoosestosecureandusethem，tosupplyforitselfallitsownlegitimateneeds。Ithasafarlargerself-sufficiencyformeetingallordinaryemergenciesandforfollowinganeconomyofself-developmentandprogress，thanhastheindividualcitizen。Foritcansupplyitsneedsoutofthesocialincomewhichitscollectivelifeisconstantlyassistingtoproduce，outofthatverysurpluswhich，wronglyallowedtoflow，unearned，intothecoffersofrichindividuals，istheveryfundusedforthisdebasingpubliccharity。
　　§；8。Theclearrecognitionofthesetruthsiscloselygermanetoourcentralconsiderationinthischapter，viz。，thequestionwhethertherecanbeevokedinthecommonconsciousnessaflowoftruesocialorcooperativefeelingstrongandsteadyenoughtoevokefromindividualcitizensasufficientvoluntaryefficiencyinproduction。Noabsolutelyconvincinganswertothequestionisatpresentpossible。But，ifanysuchexperimentistobetriedhopefully，itcanonlybedonebysettingPropertyuponanintelligiblemoralandsocialbasis，sothatitpassesintothepossessionofhimtowhomitisreally'proper'，inthesensethathehasputsomethingofhimselfintoitsmaking。Onlybyresolvingunearnedintoearnedincome，sothatallPropertyisdulyearnedeitherbyindividualsorbysocieties，cananethicalbasisbelaidforsocialindustry。Solongaspropertyappearstocomemiraculouslyorcapriciously，irrespectiveofeffortsorrequirements，andsolongasitiswithheldasirrationally，itisidletopreach'thedignityoflabour'ortoinculcatesentimentsofindividualself-help。
　　WhenallPropertyisvisiblyjustified，alikeinoriginanduse，therightsofpropertywillforthefirsttimeberespected，fortheywillbeforthefirsttimerespectable。Tosteal，tocheat，tosweat，tocadgeorbeg，willbeconsideredshameful，notbecausethelawforbids，butbecausesuchactswillbefeltbyalltobeassaultsuponthepersonalityofanother。
　　Forthefirsttimeinhistory，also，thetax-dodger，thecontractorwhoputsuphispriceforpublicworks，thesinecurist，thejobber，theprotectionistandotherparasitesuponthepublicpurse，willreceivethegeneralreprobationduetorobbery。ForwhentheStateisrecognisedashavingrightsofpropertyidenticalinoriginandusewiththoseofindividualcitizens，thatpropertywillclaimandmayreceiveasimilarrespect。Property，inaword，becomesareallysacredinstitutionwhenthehumanlawofdistributionisappliedtothewholeincome，surplusaswellascosts。Suchinequalitiesinincomeassurvivewillbeplainlyjustifiedasthecounterpartofinequalityofeffortsandofneeds。Thewidecontrastsofrichandpoor，ofluxuryandpenury，ofidlenessandtoil，willnolongerstaggerthereasonandoffendtheheart。
　　Sothestandardofsentimentalvalueswhichaffectstheconventionalmodesoflivingofallclasses——largelybysnobbishimitationandrivalry——willbetransformed。
　　Ostentatiouswasteandconspicuousleisure，withalltheirinjuriousreactionsuponourEducation，Recreation，Morals，andAEsthetics，willtendtodisappear。TheillusoryfactorofPrestigewillbeundermined，sothatthevaluations，bothofproductiveactivitiesandofconsumption，willshifttowardsanatural，orrational，standard。
　　§；9。Notmerelywillthewidegulfwhichseversmentalfrommanualworkersdisappear，butalltheelaboratescaleofvaluesfordifferentsortsofintellectualandmanualworkwouldundergoaradicalrevision。
　　Theeffectofsettingonahumanbasistheindustryofthecountrywould，ofcourse，reactuponallotherdepartmentsoflife，Religion，FamilyandCivicMorality，Politics，Literature，ArtandScience。Forthougheconomicsalonecannotmouldorinterprethistory，thedistinctivelyeconomicinstitutionsofIndustryandPropertyhavealwaysexercisedapowerful，sometimesadominantinfluence，uponotherinstitutions。Thereformationofeconomiclifemust，therefore，produceequallybeneficenteffectsuponallotherdepartments——transformingtheirstandardsandfeedingthestreamsoftheiractivitieswithnewthoughtsandfeelings，drawnnolongerfromthemindsofalittleclassorafeworiginalnatures，butfromthewholetideofhumanlifeflowingfreelyalongeverychannelofindividualandsocialendeavour。
　　Thesecurityandrationalityoftheeconomicorderwillgivetoallthatconfidenceinman，andthatfaithinhisfuture，whicharetheprimeconditionsofsafeandrapidprogress。Forthebrutalandcrushingpressureoftheeconomicprobleminitscoarsestshape——howtosecureamaterialbasisoflivelihood——hasofnecessityhithertoabsorbednearlyalltheenergyofman，sothathispowersofbodysoulandspirithavebeenmainlyspentonanunsatisfactoryandprecarioussolutionofthispersonaleconomicproblem。Religion，politics，thedisinterestedpursuitsoftruthorbeauty，havehadtoliveupontheleavingsoftheeconomiclife。
　　Aneconomicreformationwhich，byapplyingthehumanlawofdistribution，absorbstheunproductivesurplus，wouldthusfurnishasocialenvironmentwhichwasstrongerandbetterinthenourishmentandeducationitaffordedtoman。Everyorganofsocietywouldfunctionmoreeffectively，supplyingricheropportunitiesforhealthyall-roundself-developmenttoall。Sofarastheeconomicactivitiescanbetakenintoseparateconsideration，itisevidentthatthisjustly-orderedenvironmentwoulddomuchtoraisethephysical，andmoretoraisethemoralefficiencyoftheindividualasawealth-producerandconsumer。Butitsmostimportantcontributiontothevalueandthegrowthofhumanwelfarewouldlieinotherfieldsofpersonalitythanthedistinctivelyeconomic，intheliberation，realisationandimprovedconditionofotherintellectualandspiritualenergiesatpresentthwartedbyorsubordinatedtoindustrialism。CHAPTERXX:THESOCIALWILLASANECONOMICFORCE
　　§；1。Tosecurebyeducationandreflectionsucharevaluationofhumanactivities，aimsandachievements，aswillseteconomicprocessesandproductsinadefinitelylowerplacethanthatwhichtheyoccupyatpresent，is，Ithink，essentialtosafeandrapidprogress。Fortheearlystepstowardsabetterindustrialorderwillverylikelyinvolvesomeeconomicsacrifice，inthesenseofareducedoutputofpersonalenergyandofwealth-productiononthepartoftheaveragememberofsociety。Althoughthislossmaybemorethancompensatedbytheeliminationoflargewastesofcompetitionandbyimprovedorganisation，wearenotwarrantedinassumingthatthiswillatoncetakeplace。
　　Weneednotassumeit。Forevenifwedonot，ouranalysishasshownthataneconomicsystem，thusworkingatalowerrateofhumancosts，andturningoutasmallerquantityofgoods，mayneverthelessyieldalargerquantityofhumanwelfare，byabetterdistributionofworkandproduct。
　　Butthegreatgain，ofcourse，willconsistintheincreasedamountoftime，interestandenergy，availableforthecultivationofotherhumanartsoutsidetheeconomicfield。Uponthecapacitytoutilisetheseenlargedopportunitiestheactualpaceofhumanprogressintheartoflivingwilldepend。Atpresentthiscapacitymayseemsmall。Theincreasedopportunitiesofleisure，travel，recreation，culture，andcomradeship，whichhavecomeinwidelydifferentdegreestoallclasses，haveoftenbeenputtodisappointinguses。Butagreatdealofsuchwasteisevidentlyattributabletothatprevailingviceofthoughtandfeelingwhichthedominationofindustrialismhasstampeduponourminds，thecrudedesiresforphysicalsensationsandexternaldisplay。Notuntilafarlargermeasureofreleasefromoureconomicbondshasbeenacquired，shallweenjoythedetachmentofmindrequisiteforthelargerprocessesofrevaluationandrealisation。
　　§；2。Onewordremains，however，tobesaidupontheall-importantsubjectofmotivesandincentives。Wehaveseenthat，insofarasitispossibletodisplacethecompetitivesystemofindustry，withitsstimulationofindividualgreedandcombativeness，byamoreconsciouslycooperativesystem，thewilloftheindividualengageduponindustrialprocesseswillbeaffectedinsomemeasurebythesocialmeaningoftheworkheisdoing，andwilldesiretoforwardit。Theefficacyofthissocialwillisnot，however，adequatelyrealisedsolongasitisregardedmerelyasafeelingforthepublicgoodoriginatingfromanumberofseparatecentresofenlightenedpersonality。Thegrowingrecognitiononthepartofindividualworkers，thatthestructureofsocietyestablishesastrongcommunityofinterests，willnodoubtsupplysomeincentivetoeachtodohisfairsharetothenecessarywork。Butthispersonalincentivemaynotgoveryfartowardsovercomingtheselfishnessorsluggishnessoffeeblerpersonalities。If，then，thesocialwillbetakenmerelytomeantheaggregateoffeelingforthepublicgoodthusgeneratedintheseparatewills，itmaynotsufficetosupportthecommonweal。Butifourorganicconceptionofsocietyhasanyvalidity，thesocialwillmeansmorethanthisadditionofseparatelystimulatedindividualwills。Theindividualsoldiermayhaveapatrioticfeelingexpressinghisindividualloveofhiscountry，whichhasacertainfightingvalue。But，ashisattachmenttohisprofessiongrows，anotherfeelingofwideroriginandmoreenduringforcefuseswiththenarrowerfeeling，enhancinggreatlyitseffectiveness。Thatfeelingisespritdecorps，acorporatespiritoftheservice，capableofovercomingpersonaldefects，thecowardice，apathyorgreedoftheindividual，andofevokinganenormousvolumeofunitedeffort。Ihavenointentionofsuggestingthattheroutineofordinaryindustrycanyieldscopefordisplaysofthisespritdecorpscomparableinintensitywiththedramaticexamplesofgreatmilitaryachievements。ButIdoaffirmthateveryconsciouscorporatelifeisaccompaniedandnourishedbysomecommonconsciousnessofwillandpurposewhichfeedsandfortifiesthepersonalcentres，stimulatingthosethatareweakerandraisingthemtoadecentlevelofeffort，reducingdissension，andimpartingconsciousunityofactionintocomplexprocessesofcooperation。
　　Thepowerofthissocialwillasaneconomicmotive-forceoughtnottobeignored。Astheprocessesofindustrialcooperationgrowcloser，morenumerous，moreregularintheiroperation，thiscooperationandcoordination，representingaunityofwillandpurposefartranscendingthevisionandthepurposeevenofthemostenlightenedandaltruisticmember，willformapowerfulcurrentofindustrialconsciousness，influencingandmouldingthewillandpurposesofindividuals。
　　Suchaforce，emanatingfromthesocialwhole，willofnecessitynotbeclearlycomprehensibletotheindividualswhofeelitsinfluenceandrespondtoit。Theyarethemany，whileitflowsfromtheirunion，whichmustalwaysbeimperfectlymirroredinthemindofeach。Yetthisdirectsocialwillonlyworksthroughitspowertostimulateanddirectthewillofeach，soastoproduceamoreeffectiveharmony。Vaguetheorythiswillseemtosome，utterlyremotefromthehardfactsoflife!Theproblemishowtoinducepublicorothersalariedemployeestodoafairday'swork，whentheymightshirkitwithoutlossofpay。Well，wesuggestthatwhenthatfairday'sworkisnotundulylongoronerous，whenitisfairlypaid，andwheneachseesthatalltheothersarecalledupontodotheirpropershare，thegeneralsenseoffairnessinthearrangementwillcometoexerciseacompellinginfluenceoneachmantokeephisoutputuptoadecentlevel。
　　Thispowerofthesocialwillhasneveryetbeentested。Forasocietywitharrangementsbasedonmanifestprinciplesofjusticeandreasonhasneveryetbeensetinoperation。Butthoughourorganiclawofdistributionmayneverattainaperfectapplication，sofarasitisapplieditmaysurelybeexpectedtoactinthewayheredescribed，appealingtothespringsofhonour，equity，comradeshipandrespectforpublicopinion，withaforceimmeasurablygreaterthanispossibleinasystemofindustryandpropertywherereasonandfairplayintheapportionmentofworkanditsrewardsaresoimperfectlyapparent。
　　§；3。Theseconditionsoforganicwelfareintheapportionmentofworkandwealthdonotimplyaconceptionofindustrialsocietyinwhichtheindividualandhispersonaldesiresandendsareimpairedorsacrificedtotheinterestsofthecommunity。Theydoimplyagrowthofthesocial-economicstructureinwhichtheimpulsesofmutualaid，whichfromtheearliesttimeshavebeencivilisingmankind，shallworkwithaclearerconsciousnessoftheirhumanvalue。Astheindividualperceivesmoreclearlyhowintimatelyhispersonaleffortsandeffectsare，inprocessandinproduct，linkedwiththoseofalltheothermembersofsociety，thatperceptionmustpowerfullyinfluencehisfeelings。Hewillcomeconsciouslytorealisehispersonalfreedominactionsthatareawillingcontributiontothecommongood。
　　Thisconsciousnesswillmakeitmoredifficultforhimtodefendinhimselforotherseconomicconductorinstitutionsinwhichindividual，classornationalconflictsareinvolved。Thusabettersocialconsciousnessandabettereconomicenvironmentwillreactononeanotherforfurthermutualbetterment。Theunityofthissocial-industriallifeisnotaunityofmerefusioninwhichtheindividualvirtuallydisappears，butafederalunityinwhichtherightsandinterestsoftheindividualshallbeconservedforhimbythefederation。Thefederalgovernment，however，conservestheseindividualrights，not，astheindividualistmaintains，becauseitexistsfornootherpurposethantodoso。Itconservesthembecauseitalsorecognisesthatanareaofindividuallibertyisconducivetothehealthofthecollectivelife。Itsfederalnaturerestsonarecognitionalikeofindividualandsocialends，or，speakingmoreaccurately，ofsocialendsthataredirectlyattainedbysocialactionandofthosethatarerealisedinindividuals。
　　Iregardsuchafederationasanorganicunionbecausenoneoftheindividualrightsorinterestsisabsoluteinitssanction。Societyinitseconomicasinitsotherrelationsisafederalstatenotafederationofstates。
　　Therightsandinterestsofsocietyareparamount:theyoverrideallclaimsofindividualstolibertiesthatcontravenethem。
　　§；4。Sofarasindustryisconcerned，weperceivehowthisharmonybetweenindividualandsocialrightsandinterestsisrealisedintheprimarydivisionofproductiveactivitiesintoArtandRoutine。Theimpulsesanddesireswhichinitiate，sustainanddirectwhatwetermart，includingallthecreativeactivitiesinindustry，flowfreelyfromtheindividualnature。Werecognisethatproductiveactivitiesinwhichtheseelementsareofparamountimportanceformaneconomicfieldwhichsociety，guidedbyitsintelligentself-interest，willsafelyandprofitablyleavetoindividualsandprivateenterprise。Industrieswhichareessentiallyofaroutinecharacter，affordinglittlescopeforcreativeactivitiesofindividuals，mustpassunderdirectsocialadministration。Forfreeindividualinitiativeanddesireswillnotsupportthem。Theycanonlybeworkedunderprivateenterpriseonconditionthatgreatgainsareprocurablefortheentrepreneursandanunfreebodyofproletarianlabourisavailableforcompulsoryservice。
　　Theroutineservicesofsocietycannotproperlybesecuredbyappealstotheseparateself-interestsofindividuals。Soadministered，theyinvolvethewasteofvastunearnedgainsaccruingtoaprivatecasteofmasters，theinjuryanddegradationofeconomicservitudeintheworkers，andagrowinginsecurityandirregularityofservicetotheconsumers。Theonlyvolumeoffree-willandvoluntaryenterprisethatcansupportthoseroutineindustriesisthefree-willandenterpriseofSociety。Ifwecanbringourselvestoregardthegreatnormalcurrentsofroutineindustry，engagedinsupplyingthecommondailyneeds，fromthestandpointofarealliveSociety，weshallrecognisethattothatSocietythisindustrialactivityanditsachievementsarefullofinterestandvariety。WhattotheindividualisdullroutineistoSocietycreativeart，thenaturalemploymentofsocialproductiveenergiesfortheprogressivesatisfactionofsocialneeds。Thoughtheindividualwillsoonflagsbeforedemandsforworksoirksomeandrepellenttoitsnature，thesocialwillgladlyrespondstoworkinwhichthatwillfindsitsfreenaturalexpression。
　　Thisistheultimateargumentinfavourofthesocialisationoftheroutineindustries，viz。，thereleaseoftheindividualwillfromworkthatiscostly，repellentandill-done，inordertoenablethesocialwilltofindinthatworkitshealthy，interesting，educativeself-realisation。
　　ForonceconceiveSocietyasabeingcapableofthoughtandfeeling，theseprocesseshaveaninterestforit。Theyaresocialart，partofthecollectivelifeinwhichSocietyrealisesitself，justastheindividualrealiseshimselfinindividualart。OnceaccepttheviewofSocietynotasameresetofsocialinstitutions，oranetworkofrelations，butasacollectivepersonality，thegreatroutineindustrialprocessesbecomethevitalfunctionsofthiscollectivebeing，interestingtothatbeingalikeintheirperformanceandtheirproduct。Thatsubdivisionoflabourandthatapparentcontradictionofinterestsbetweenproducerandconsumerwhichseemdesignedtofeedpersonalantagonismsandtothwartindividuality，nowacquirerationaljustificationasthecomplexadaptiveplayofhealthyvitalfunctionsinSociety。
　　§；5。Labour，thusinterpreted，becomesatrulysocialfunction，theorderlyhalf-instinctivehalf-rationalactivitybywhichsocietyhelpsitselfandsatisfiesitswants，acommontideofproductiveenergywhichpulsesthroughtheveinsofhumanity，impellingtheindividualmembersofsocietytoperformtheirpartascontributorstothegenerallife。Whetherthoseindividualactionsarestrictlyvoluntary，pleasurableandinterestinginthemselvestothosewhoperformthem，asinthefinerarts，orarecompulsoryintheirmainincidenceupontheindividual，andaccompaniedbylittleinterestorsocialfeelingonhispart，isamatterofquitesecondaryimportanceasviewedfromthesocialstandpoint。Aslabourissocial，soiscapital。Theotherapparentdiscrepancy，thatbetweentheinterestsofpresentandfuture，spendingandsaving，alsodisappearswhenweconsiderthesocialsignificanceofsaving。Forsocietysecretescapitalbythesamehalf-instinctivehalf-rationalprocessbywhichitgenerates，directsanddistributes，itssupplyoflabour。Onlybyahypothesiswhichthusassignsacentralindustrialpurposetosocietycanwepossiblyunderstandthelifeofindustryandthecomplexcooperationitdisplays。
　　Takeforasingleinstancethewheatsupplyoftheworld——orthecottonindustryofLancashire。Weseelargerhythmicactions，elaborateintheircomplicatedflows，responsivetoinnumerablestimuliofworld-markets，——anervoussystemofaffluentandeffluentcurrents，directedbythedesiresandbeliefsofinnumerableproducersandconsumers，eachconsciouslyactuatedbyhisownparticularmotivesandyetcooperatingtowardslargesocialends。
　　Wecanneithergrasp，intellectuallyoremotionally，thehumanorsocialsignificanceoftheseprocesses，ifwepersistinresolvingthemintotheideas，feelingsandactionsofindividualpersons。Theharmonybecomeseitherfortuitousorpurelymystical。But，ifweregardSocietyashavingalargelifeofitsown，thecooperativeharmonyofindividualaimsandactivitiesbecomesacorporateorganicprocess。Thesociallifedoesnotsufferfromdivisionoflabourandspecialisationoffunction，butgains，asintheanimalorganism。Thesociallifeisnotoppressed，degradedorinjuredbytheroutineofthesmallerworkinglives，anymorethantheanimalorganismbytheregularityandrepetitionoftherespiratory，circulatingandotherroutineoperationsofitsorgansandtheircells。
　　§；6。"But，"itwillbeobjected，"evenifwearejustifiedinpushingtheorganicanalogysofarastoclaimtheexistenceofarealsociallifewithameaningandendofitsown，superiortothatoftheindividual，asthelifeofeveryorganismissuperiortothatofitsorgansandcells，thatlargersocialbeingcanonlyremainashadowyorhypotheticalbeingtoactualmenandwomen。Anditistheaims，ideas，feelingsandactivitiesoftheselittleunitsthat，afterall，willalwaysabsorbourattentionandoccupyourheartsandminds。"
　　Hereisthefinalquintessenceofindividualismsurvivinginmanyprofessingsocialists，thedenialoftheexistenceofarationalmoralsociety。Yetsuchasocietyexists。Theearliestbeginningsofanimalgregariousness，sexualfeelings，andotherprimaryinstinctsofassociation，withthemutualaidtheygiveriseto，areafirsttestimonytotheexistence，evenattheopeningofthehumanera，ofarealthoughrudimentarysociety，physicalandpsychicalinitsnature。CivilisationhasitschiefmeaningintheextensionandgrowingrealisationofthisunityofSociety，byutilisingthesesecretthreadsofsocialfeelingfortheweavingofthefabricofsocialinstitutions。Thus，throughtheseinstrumentsofcommonsociallife，language，art，science，industry，politics，religion，societygathersalarger，moresolidandvariouslife。Race，Nationality，Church，thebondofsomecommoninterestinascience，anart，aphilanthropicpurpose，oftenpresentintenseexamplesofgenuinelycommonlifeandpurpose。Thesearenotmeresocialcontractsoffreeindividuals，seekingbycooperationtoforwardtheirindividualends。Suchaconceptionofmutualaidisasfalseforreligion，science，artorindustry，asforpolitics。Thestatementthat'manisasocialanimal'cannotmerelysignifythatamongman'sequipmentoffeelingsandideasthereexistsafeelingandideaofsympathywithothermen。Thatisonlyhowitlooksfromthestandpointofthecell。Itmeansthathumanityinallitsvariousaggregationsisasocialstuff，andthatwhateverformsofcoalescenceitassumes，i。e。，anation，caste，church，party，etc。，therewillexistagenuinelyorganicunity，acentralorgenerallife，strongorweak，but，sofarasitgoes，tobeconsideredasdistinctfromanddominantoverthelifeandaimofitsmembers。
　　Thiscentrallife，thoughdistinguishablefromthelivesofitsmembers，asanobjectofthoughtandwill，isyetonlylivedinandthroughthelifeoftheorgansandcells。Thisisthesubtlenatureoftheorganicbond。
　　Wearetoldindeedthat"Societyonlyexistsinindividuals。"This，however，isonlytrueinthesamerestrictedsenseinwhichitistruethatananimalorganismonlyexistsinthelifeofitscells。Thereisnothingbutthecellsplustheirorganiccooperation。ButIshouldrathersaythattheorganismexistsinthecooperationofthecells。SoIshouldsaythatSocietyexistsinthecooperationofindividuals。
　　Thisisnotamatteroftheoreticaccuracyofstatement，butofimmensepracticalsignificance。Forthefutureprogressoftheartsofsocialconduct，especiallyofindustryandpolitics，mustlargelydependuponthemeasureandmannerofacceptanceofthisviewofthenatureofSociety。Itmust，indeed，totheindividualmindalwaysremainasahypothesis，incapableoffullandexactverification。Forsuchverificationwouldimplyanabsolutemergingofindividualpersonalityinthesocialunity。Suchapublicspiritcanneverabsorbanddisplaceprivatespirits。Butthehypothesismay，forallthat，possessbothintellectualandemotionalvalidity。Itsclearprovisionalacceptancewillnotonlyexplainmanyofthedifficultiesandreconcilemanyofthediscrepanciesinthosetendencies，industrialandpolitical，whicharegenerallyacceptedasmakingforhumanprogress，butwillaffordincreasedeconomyofdirectionandofmotive。ForonceletusrealiseSocietyaspossessingaunityandalifeofitsown，tothefurtheranceofwhicheachofuscontributesinthepursuanceoftheparticularlifewecall'ourown，'theso-calledsacrificeswearecalledupontomakeforthatlargerlifewillbeconsiderednolongerencroachmentsonbutenlargementsofourpersonality。Weshallcomeinlargermeasuretoidentifyouraimsandendswillinglywiththeaimsandendsweimputetosociety，andeverystepinthatpublicconductwillenrichorstrengthenthatsocialsympathywhichweshallrecognisetobetheverylifeofsocietyflowinginourveins。Thisisthespiritofsocialreform，asdistinguishedfromtheconcretemeasuresofreform。Uponthecreationandrecognitionofthisspiritthepossibility，theusefulness，thedurabilityofeveryoneoftheinstitutionsandpolicies，whichareevolvedbymoderncivilisation，depend。Itis，therefore，ofsupremeandcriticalimportancetoobtainthewidestpossibleacceptanceoftheconceptionofSocietyasalivingbeingtowhicheachofus'belongs，'abeingcapableofthinkingandfeelingthroughusforitself，andofdesiring，pursuingandattainingendswhichareitsends，andwhichwearecapableofhelpingtorealise。SolongasSocietyisspokenofandthoughtofasanabstraction，nosocialconductcanbesoundorsafe。Foranabstractionisincapableofcallingforthourreverence，regardorlove。AnduntilweattributetoSocietysuchaformanddegreeof'personality'ascanevokeinusthoseinterestsandemotionswhichpersonalityalonecanwin，thesocialwillwillnotbeabletoperformgreatworks。
　　Thefinalclaimwemakeforthehumanvaluationofindustrypresentedhereisthatithelpstobringintoclearreliefasetofhumanproblemswhich，fromtheconceptionofsocietyasamerearrangementforsecuringindividualends，areperceivedtobeinsoluble，butforwhichreasonandemotionalikedemandasatisfactorysolution。Onlybysubstitutingfortheattainmentofindividualwelfaretheidealandthestandardofsocialwelfare，areweabletoobtainamethodofanalysisandvaluationwhichfurnishessatisfactorysolutionstotheproblemsthatindustrypresents。CHAPTERXXI:PERSONALANDSOCIALEFFICIENCY
　　§；1。Whatlightdoesourhumanvaluationofeconomicprocessesthrowupontheconditionsofindividualandsocialprogress？Ourexaminationofindustryhasshownusthewaysinwhichtheactualproductionandconsumptionofwealthaffectthepersonalefficiencyandwelfareofindividuals。Theorganiclawofdistributionclearlyindicatespersonalefficiency，alikeforpurposesofeconomicproductivityandforthewiderartoflife，todependprimarilyuponthemaintenanceofsoundrelationsbetweentheoutputofeconomicactivitiesandtheincomeofeconomicsatisfactions。Ahealthysystemofindustrywilldemandfromeachproduceranamountandkindof'costly'labouraccommodatedtohisnaturalandacquiredpowers。Bysuchadistributionofthesociallyusefulworkwhichisnotinitselfagreeabletoitsperformers，thecommoneconomicneedsofsocietyaresuppliedwiththesmallestaggregateamountofhumancost。Similarly，weseehow，byadistributionofwealthaccordingtotheneedsofeachmember，i。e。，accordingtohis'power'asconsumer，thelargestaggregateamountofhumanutilityisgotoutofthewealthdistributed。
　　Butthisburdenof'costly'work，requiredoftheproducerandadjustedtohispowers，isnottheonlyworkthathecando。Themainobjectoftheshorterwork-dayandthebetterapportionmentof'costly'labour，aswehavealreadyrecognised，istoliberatetheindividualsothathehastimeandenergyforthevoluntaryperformanceof'productive'activitiesthatare'costless，'interestingandbeneficialtohispersonallife。Someofthesevoluntaryactivitieswillbe'economic'inthesensethattheymayproducegoodsorserviceswhichhaveanexchangevalue。Suchisthegardeningorthewood-carvingwhichamanmaydoinhissparetime。Thoughitmaybringhimadirectreturnofpersonalgainandsatisfactionthatisnon-economic，itmayalsobeasupplementarymeansofincome。Thereisnoreasonwhyamanwhosehobbyishisgardenshouldnotbeabletoexchangesomeofthefruitandflowers，whichithasbeenapleasureforforhimtogrow，forthephotographsorthebook-bindingsonwhichhisneighboursmayprefertospendaportionoftheirleisure。Mostofthespareenergyorleisure，however，wonfortheworkerbyafairdistributionof'costly'labour，will，ofcourse，usuallybeappliedtopersonalemployments，totheartsofhomelifeandofsociety，which，thoughhighlyconducivetopersonalefficiency，lieoutsidetherangeof'economics。'Eachpersonwouldapplythisfreetimeandenergydifferently，hisvoluntaryworkhavingsomenaturalrelationas'relief'or'variety'tothesortof'costly'
　　orroutinelabourwhichearnedhislivelihood。Thusonthistrueequalitarianbasistherewouldariseanimmensevarietyoffreelyactivepersonalities。
　　Eachpersonwouldhavewhatmaybecalledapersonalstandardofproduction，anorderlyapplicationofhisproductiveenergies，which，thoughpartlyimposedbyhisstatusasamemberofsocietyboundtodohisshareinsocialwork，wouldlargelyrepresenthispersonaltastes，choicesandinterests，selfishoraltruistic，accordingtohistemperament。
　　§；2。Turningtotheothersideofindustry，thedistributionofwealthtoeachaccordingtohisneeds，i。e。，capacitiesofuse，personalitywouldimpressitselfsimilarlyuponanimmensevarietyofactualstandardsofconsumption，ormodesofapplyingincometothesatisfactionofdesires。
　　Thereis，however，animportantdistinctiontobenotedbetweenstandardsofconsumptionandofproduction。Whereasinmodernindustrytheearningofincomeisnormallyanindividualart，itsconsumptionisnormallyafamilyact。Whilethefamily，exceptinsomeagriculturalsocieties，isveryrarelyaunitofproduction，itremainsusuallyaunitofconsumption。
　　Itwouldappear，then，thatourhumandistributionwouldaffectpersonalefficiencydifferentlyuponthetwosidesofitsapplication。Asproducerhisstandardofproduction，orofuseofproductiveactivities，wouldappeartobedirectedbyabalancebetweenthesocialrequirementsoflabourandhispersonalproclivities，whereasonthesideofconsumptionthebalancewouldbebetweenthesocialrequirementsandthefamily。Societymustsecureforthestandardoffamilycomfortsuchanexpenditureaswillsustaintheworkingnumbersofthefamilyinfulleconomicefficiency，i。e。，apropereconomyofwhattheclassicaleconomistscalled'productiveconsumption'
　　musttakeplace。But，outsidethislimit，theparticularrequirementsandconditions，notoftheearneralone，butofthefamilyasawhole，mustdeterminetheexpenditurethatmakesforefficiency。Thisdiscrepancy，however，isnotreallysogreatasitappearsatfirstsight。Thedirectinterestofsocietyintheproductiveandconsumptivelifeofitsindividualmembersliesintheirperformanceofthispropershareof'costly'orsocialserviceandtheiruseofaproperportionoftheirincomeforconsumptionadjustedtomaintaintheirefficiencyforthissocialservice。Therestoftheirproductiveenergy，therestoftheirconsumptivewealth，lieundertheirowncontrolfortheirpersonallife。Thefactthatthispersonallifemaybemorenarrowlypersonalontheproductiveside，moreofafamilylifeontheconsumptiveside，doesnotseriouslyaffecttheissue。Indeed，thediscrepancyalmostwhollydisappearswhenwelookalittlecloseratthelibertieswhichabettersocialeconomyofproductionsecuresfortheworker。Thebetterlifewhichaslackeningoftheindustrialstrainwillbringtotheproducerwillconsistinthecultivationofinterestsandactivitieswhich，preciselybecausetheyarevoluntaryandinthemselvesdesired，cannotrightlybeclassifiedaseitherproductionorconsumptionbutunitethequalitiesofboth。Wehaveseenthatthisisthecharacteristicofallart，orallworkwhichisgoodandpleasantinitself。Anyactivitythatcarriesasurplusofhumanutilityoverhumancostisatoncefunctionandnutrition，productionandconsumption。Inaword，itisanincreaseoflife。Soitcomesaboutthatthe'humandistribution'feedspersonalefficiencyequallyonitsproductiveandconsumptivesides。Ahealthyapplicationofproductiveactivitieswillcontributeasmuchtoindividualprogressasahealthystandardofconsumption。
　　§；3。Itremainstorecognisethattheorganictreatmentofourproblemdoesnotpermitsocietytoadoptaseparatistviewofthedistributionofworkanditsproduct。Adistributionofwork'accordingtothepowers'
　　ofworkersisconceivableontermswhichwouldcauseheavydamagetosocietythroughignoringthereactionsofworkuponconsumption。Itmightappearsuperficiallyasoundhumaneconomytoplacealltheburdenoftheheaviestandmostrepellentmusculartoiluponclassesorracesofmenwhosepowerfulbodiesandinsensitivemindsseemedtoindicatethattheywerebestfittedbynatureforsuchwork。1Butiftheeffectofsuchaneconomywere，asitwouldbe，tokeepconsiderablebodiesofpopulationinalowgradeofanimalism，asrepresentedincoarsemodesoflivingandbrutalrecreations，thisone-sidedview，byneglectingtheseorganicreactions，wouldinjurethepersonalityoftheselowergradesofcitizens，andthroughthemdamagetheefficiencyofthesocietyofwhichtheyweremembers。Or，takinganoppositeinstance，aSocietywhichenabledclassesofartisticorliteraryfolktoescapeallshareof'costly'sociallabour，soastocultivateexclusivelytheirindividualactivitiesandtastes，wouldincurasimilarsocialdangerthroughthepresenceofhighlystimulatingpersonalities，uncheckedbyanyadequatesenseofsocialresponsibilities，whobytheirexampleandinfluencemightunderminetheroutineactivitieswhicharethefeedersofsociallife。
　　Sofar，then，aseconomicreformsareaimingatpersonalefficiency，theymusttakesimultaneouslyintoconsiderationtheeffectswhicheachreformwillhaveupontheproductionandtheconsumptionofwealth。Forexample，ashorteningoftheworkdayoughttobeaccompaniedbyimprovedopportunitiesofeducationandofrecreationasanintegralpartofthereform。
　　§；4。Oursettingoftheproblem，whichbringsintocontrasttheroutinesocialproductionthatis'costly'toindividualsandthecreativeorindividualproductionwhichis'costless，'mightseemtoinvolvetheviewthatsocialprogress，asdistinctfromindividual，wouldinvolveanincreasingtotalburdenofroutineworkunderdirectsocialcontrol。Thusanantagonismbetweentheconsciousinterestsoftheindividualandthesocialinterestsmightappeartoremain。For，thoughabettersocialwill，operatingupontheindividual，mightdisposehimtoaccepthisdutyofservingsocietyintheperformanceofhisshareofroutinework，itwouldstillbetruethatsuchservicewaslessdesirabletohimandlessnourishedhispersonallifethanthefreepersonalactivitiesuponwhichitencroached。
　　Thisopensupanexceedinglyimportantissueinsocialeconomy。Ithasbeenassumedthatareallyenlightenedsocietywillsoadministerindustrythatalightday'slaboursharedamongallwillsufficetowinthewealthnecessaryforthesupportofsocietyandthesatisfactionofthecommonmaterialneedsofitsmembers。Thusanincreasingproportionofhumanenergywillbeliberatedfortheperformanceofthoseactivitieswhicharepleasantandinterestingtothosewhoengageinthem。Adiminishingamountoftimeandenergywillbeappliedtothemechanicalprocessesofgettingfoodandothermaterialsfromtheearth，andoffashioningthemandcarryingthemabout。Thustherewillbemoretimeandenergyforthefineartsandcrafts，whichdependlessuponquantityofmaterialsandmoreupontheskilledapplicationofpersonalpowers。Fromthestandpointofhumanwelfaresuchaneconomyisobvious。Itmeans，ontheproductiveside，aprogressiveincreaseofactivitythatishumanly'costless'andpleasurable，aprogressivedecreaseofthatwhichiscostlyandunpleasurable。Ontheconsumptiveside，itmeansthesubstitutionofnon-materialwealth，suchasbooks，pictures，poetry，science，whicharevirtuallyinfiniteinthehumanutilitythattheyarecapableofyielding，formaterialwealthwhichismostlyconsumedinasingleactofappropriation。Thehigherkindofgoodsthusbringsaminimumofcostsandamaximumofutilities，andthatuponeachsideoftheorganicequation。
　　Inmostadvancednationsofourtimethisgainintherelativeimportanceoftheartsandprofessionsengagedinartistic，professional，recreative，educational，scientificandothercreativeactivities，isrecognisedasbeinganevidenceandameasureofadvancingcivilization，andsomeoffsettotheadvanceofmaterialluxury。
　　§；5。If，however，thereistobeacontinuousincreaseintheproportionoftimeandenergyavailablefortheproductionandconsumptionofthehighergradesofnon-materialeconomicgoodsandforotheractivitiesofanon-economicnature，somelimitationmusttakeplaceofthedemandandsupplyofmaterialeconomicgoods。Ifinanycountry，orthroughouttheindustrialworld，thegrowthofpopulationweresuchas，intheoldphrase，topress'uponthemeansofsubsistence，'theamountofproductiveenergyneededfortheartsofagriculture，mining，andthestaplebranchesofmanufactureandtransportwouldbesuchastodefeattheeconomyofsocialprogressjustindicated。Evenifthepopulationdidnotadvance，butwerechieflyengagedinseekingfullersatisfactionofanincreasingnumberofdistinctivelyphysicalwants，thesameresultwouldfollow。Largerdraftsmustcontinuallybemadeuponthenaturalresourcesofthesoil，bymeansofindustriessubjecttowhatpoliticaleconomycalls"thelawofdiminishingreturns，"andanincreasingproportionoflabourmustbeengagedintheseindustries。Thoughmechanicsandthedivisionoflabourinthemanufactures，andeveninagriculture，temperthetyrannyofmatter，enablingagivenamountofroutinetoiltoachieveanincreasingoutputofgoods，thispolicyofhumanliberationisimpededandmaybeentirelyfrustratedbyaconstantpreferenceamonglargepopulationsforastrictlyquantitativesatisfactionofnewmaterialwants。Therootissueofsocialprogressfromtheeconomicstandpointisheredisclosed。Itisthequestionoftherelativeimportanceofquantityofmatterinthesatisfactionofwants。Inurgingthatsocialprogressrequiresaprogressivediminutionofthepartplayedbymatterandtheindustriesinwhichquantityofmatterisachiefdeterminantfactor，Idonotmerelymeanthatcivilisationimpliesanincreasingvaluationoftheintellectualandmoralfacultiesandoftheiractivities。Mostofthefineartsrequiresomematterfortheirmanipulationandfortheirinstruments；everybranchoftheintellectuallifeneedssomematerialequipment。Butintheseoccupationsandintheirproductsquantityofmatterisofanimportancethatisslight，oftenwhollynegligible。Afineart，askilledcraft，amachineindustry，mayeachhandlethesamesortofmaterial，metal，stoneorwood，butthequantityofthismaterialwillhavearapidlyincreasingimportance，asonedescendsfromthemanipulationoftheartisttothecraftsmanandfromthecraftsmantothemanufacturer。
　　If，then，wearetosecureaneconomyofsocialprogressinwhichrelativelylessimportanceistobegiventothoseindustrieswhicharelesshumanlydesirable，alikeintheworktheyinvolveandinthesatisfactiontheirproductsyield，wemusthaveasocietywhichbecomesincreasinglyqualitativeinitstastesandinterestsandinitshumanconstitution。Alargerproportionofitsrealincomemusttakeshapeinnon-materialgoods，orinmaterialgoodswhichdependmoreforthesatisfactiontheyyieldupontheirquality。
　　Inaword，theremustbeatendencytokeeplifesimpleinregardtomaterialconsumption。
　　Butwhenonesaysthatsocietyitselfmustgrowmorequalitativeinitsconstitution，amoredifficultconsiderationemerges。
　　Inthediscussionregardingthebearingofthegrowthofpopulationupongeneralwelfaretoomuchattentionwasformerlyaccordedtothemerelyquantitativequestion。Toolittleisnowaccorded。Underthetitleofeugenicsthepopulationquestionthreatenstobecomeentirelyqualitative。Nowthisisevidentlyamistake。Forwhateverinterpretationweaccordtosocialwelfare，someconsiderationastothedesirablenumberandrateofgrowthofthepopulationisevidentlyofimportance。Thoughitmaybeagreedthatvitalvaluesintheirspiritualandeveninthephysicalmeaningsaredistinctlyqualitative，andthat，asfaraspossible，asocietyshouldsetitselftomaintainconditionsofsexselectionfavourabletoadmittedlyfinerandhealthiertypes，thisissueofqualitymustnotbedetachedfromtheissueofquantity。
　　Asintheeconomyoftheindividuallifeaproperallowanceofattentionmustbesecuredforphysicalwantsandforthematerialproductionandconsumptiontheyinvolve，soinasocietythesizeofitsphysicalstructure，thenumberofcooperatinghumancellsthroughwhichitlives，isaconsiderationthatinheresintheartofsociallife。Ruskinwassurelyrightinhisgeneralsettingofthesocialquestion'Howcansocietyconsciouslyorderthelivesofitsmemberssoastomaintainthelargestnumberofnobleandhappyhumanbeings？'2Howmuchconsciousnessorcalculationcanadvantageouslybebroughttobearupontheregulationoftheplayofthesexualandrelatedinstinctsanddesires，isahighlycontroversialquestionintowhichweneednotenterhere。Butsofarassocialreformcanmakegoodanyclaimtoregulatethegrowthofthepopulation，itsregulationshouldclearlyhaveregardtoquantityaswellasquality。Alargenumberofphysicallysoundandhappyhumanbeingsmustbetakenasaprimeconditionofsocialwelfare。Itisnoteasytodefendtheprosperityofapeoplewhoshallseemtopurchaseafullerandevenamorespirituallycomplexlifeforsomeoralltheirmembersbyacontinuousreductionoftheirnumbers。Wherelifeisvaluedandvaluablethenaturaldispositiontoextenditsvaluesaswidelyasisconsistentwiththeirmaintenanceisanaturalinstinctdifficulttoimpugn。Ifitbecontendedthatthisisinsomesenseanadmissionofthesocialvalidityofthetendencytomultiplysoasto'pressonthemeansofsubsistence，'Imightadmittheinterpretation，provideditwereunderstoodthat'meansofsubsistence'includedalltheessentialsofspiritualaswellasofphysicallife。
　　Idonot，however，wishtodogmatiseuponadifficultandexceedinglydebateablematter，butonlytoinsistthataconsciousartofsocialprogresscannomoreignorequantitythanqualityofpopulationinanygeneralcalculusofhumanwelfare。
　　§；6。Thegreaterequalisationofincomeswhichwouldfollowfromtheabsorptionofunproductivesurplusintopublicincomeandintoremunerationoflabour，wouldbefavourabletothetwoconditionsofsocialprogressherelaiddown，arestriction