[13]'Naturanenobis，inquit，datumdicam，anerrorequodam，ut，cumealocavideamus，inquibusmemoriadignosvirosacceperimusmultimesseversatos，magismoveamur，quamsiquandoeorumipsorumautfactaaudiamusautscriptumaliquodlegamus？Velutegonuncmoveor。VenitenimmihiPlatoinmentem，quemaccepimusprimumhicdisputaresolitum；cuiusetiamillihortulipropinquinonmemoriamsolummihiafferunt，sedipsumvidenturinconspectumeohicponere。HicSpeusippus，hicXenocrates，hiceiusauditorPolemo；cuiusipsaillasessiofuit，quamvidemus。Equidemetiamcuriamnostram，Hostiliamdico，nonhancnovam，quaemihiminoressevideturpostquamestmaior，solebamintuens，Scipionem，Catonem，Laelium，nostrumveroinprimisavumcogitare。Tantavisadmonitionisestinlocis；utnonsinecausaexhismemopriaedeductasitdisciplina。'——CicerodeFinibus。Lib。v。
[14]Mr。L/OCKE\dividesallargumentsintodemonstrativeandprobable。Inthisview，wemustsay，thatitisonlyprobablethatallmenmustdie，orthatthesunwillriseto-morrow。Buttoconformourlanguagemoretocommonuse，weoughttodivideargumentsinto，，and。Byproofsmeaningsuchargumentsfromexperienceasleavenoroomfordoubtoropposition。
[15]SectionII。
[16]Mr。L/OCKE\，inhischapterofpower，saysthat，findingfromexperience，thatthereareseveralnewproductionsinmatter，andconcludingthattheremustsomewherebeapowercapableofproducingthem，wearriveatlastbythisreasoningattheideaofpower。Butnoreasoningcanevergiveusanew，original，simpleidea；asthisphilosopherhimselfconfesses。This，therefore，canneverbetheoriginofthatidea。
[17]ITmaybepretended，thattheresistancewhichwemeetwithinbodies，obligingusfrequentlytoexertourforce，andcallupallourpower，thisgivesustheideaofforceandpower。Itisthis，orstrongendeavour，ofwhichweareconscious，thatistheoriginalimpressionfromwhichthisideaiscopied。But，first，weattributepowertoavastnumberofobjects，wherewenevercansupposethisresistanceorexertionofforcetotakeplace；totheSupremeBeing，whonevermeetswithanyresistance；tothemindinitscommandoveritsideasandlimbs，incommonthinkingandmotion，wheretheeffectfollowsimmediatelyuponthewill，withoutanyexertionorsummoningupofforce；toinanimatematter，whichisnotcapableofthissentiment。，Thissentimentofanendeavourtoovercomeresistancehasnoknownconnexionwithanyevent:
Whatfollowsit，weknowbyexperience；butcouldnotknowit。Itmust，however，beconfessed，thattheanimal，whichweexperience，thoughitcanaffordnoaccuratepreciseideaofpower，entersverymuchintothatvulgar，inaccurateidea，whichisformedbyit。
[18][ThreeGreekwords]
[19]SectionXII。
[20]IN/EED\notexamineatlengththe
whichissomuchtalkedofinthenewphilosophy，andwhichisascribedtomatter。Wefindbyexperience，thatabodyatrestorinmotioncontinuesforeverinitspresentstate，tillputfromitbysomenewcause；andthatabodyimpelledtakesasmuchmotionfromtheimpellingbodyasitacquiresitself。Thesearefacts。Whenwecallthisa，weonlymarkthesefacts，withoutpretendingtohaveanyideaoftheinertpower；inthesamemanneras，whenwetalkofgravity，wemeancertaineffects，withoutcomprehendingthatactivepower。ItwasneverthemeaningofSirI/SAAC\
N/EWTON\torobsecondcausesofallforceorenergy；thoughsomeofhisfollowershaveendeavouredtoestablishthattheoryuponhisauthority。Onthecontrary，thatgreatphilosopherhadrecoursetoanetherialactivefluidtoexplainhisuniversalattraction；thoughhewassocautiousandmodestastoallow，thatitwas
amerehypothesis，notobeinsistedon，withoutmoreexperiments。Imustconfess，thatthereissomethinginthefateofopinionsalittleextraordinary。D/ES\C/ARTES\insinuatedthatdoctrineoftheuniversalandsoleefficacyoftheDeity，withoutinsistingonit。M/ALEBRANCHE\andotherC/ARTESIANS\madeitthefoundationofalltheirphilosophy。Ithad，however，noauthorityinE/NGLAND\。L/OCKE\，C/LARKE\，andC/UDWORTH\，neversomuchasnoticeofit，butsupposeallalong，thatmatterhasareal，thoughsubordinateandderivedpower。Bywhatmeanshasitbecomesoprevalentamongourmodernmetaphysicians？
[21]A/CCORDING\totheseexplicationsanddefinitions，theideaofpowerisrelativeasmuchasthatof；
andbothhaveareferencetoaneffect，orsomeothereventconstantlyconjoinedwiththeformer。Whenweconsiderthecircumstanceofanobject，bywhichthedegreeorquantityofitseffectisfixedanddetermined，wecallthatitspower:Andaccordingly，itisallowedbyallphilosophers，thattheeffectisthemeasureofthepower。
Butiftheyhadanyideaofpower，asitisinitself，whycouldnottheyMeasureitinitself？Thedisputewhethertheforceofabodyinmotionbeasitsvelocity，orthesquareofitsvelocity；thisdispute，Isay，neednotbedecidedbycomparingitseffectsinequalorunequaltimes；butbyadirectmensurationandcomparison。
Astothefrequentuseofthewords，Force，Power，Energy，&c。，whicheverywhereoccurincommonconversation，aswellasinphilosophy；thatisnoproof，thatweareacquainted，inanyinstance，withtheconnectingprinciplebetweencauseandeffect，orcanaccountultimatelyfortheproductionofonethingtoanother。Thesewords，ascommonlyused，haveveryloosemeaningsannexedtothem；andtheirideasareveryuncertainandconfused。Noanimalcanputexternalbodiesinmotionwithoutthesentimentofa
orendeavour；andeveryanimalhasasentimentorfeelingfromthestrokeorblowofanexternalobject，thatisinmotion。Thesesensations，whicharemerelyanimal，andfromwhichwecandrawnoinference，weareapttotransfertoinanimateobjects，andtosuppose，thattheyhavesomesuchfeelings，whenevertheytransferorreceivemotion。Withregardtoenergies，whichareexerted，withoutourannexingtothemanyideaofcommunicatedmotion，weconsideronlytheconstantexperiencedconjunctionoftheevents；andasweacustomaryconnexionbetweentheideas，wetransferthatfeelingtotheobjects；asnothingismoreusualthantoapplytoexternalbodie
everyinternalsensation，whichtheyoccasion。
[22]T/HE\prevalenceofthedoctrineoflibertymaybeaccountedfor，fromanothercause，。afalsesensationofseemingexperiencewhichwehave，ormayhave，oflibertyorindifference，inmanyofouractions。Thenecessityofanyaction，whetherofmatterorofmind，isnot，properlyspeaking，aqualityintheagent，butinanythinkingorintelligentbeing，whomayconsidertheaction；anditconsistschieflyinthedeterminationofhisthoughtstoinfertheexistenceofthatactionfromsomeprecedingobjects；asliberty，whenopposedtonecessity，isnothingbutthewantofthatdetermination，andacertainloosenessorindifference，whichwefeel，inpassing，ornotpassing，fromtheideaofoneobjecttothatofanysucceedingone。
Nowwemayobserve，that，though，inonhumanactions，weseldomfeelsuchalooseness，orindifference，butarecommonlyabletoinferthemwithconsiderablecertaintyfromtheirmotives，andfromthedispositionsoftheagent；yetitfrequentlyhappens，that，in
theactionsthemselves，wearesensibleofsomethinglikeit:Andasallresemblingobjectsarereadilytakenforeachother，thishasbeenemployedasademonstrativeandevenintuitiveproofofhumanliberty。Wefeel，thatouractionsaresubjecttoourwill，onmostoccasions；andimaginewefeel，thatthewillitselfissubjecttonothing，because，whenbyadenialofitweareprovokedtotry，wefeel，thatitmoveseasilyeveryway，andproducesanimageofitselfora，asitiscalledintheschoolsevenonthatside，onwhichitdidnotsettle。
Thisimage，orfaintmotion，wepersuadeourselves，could，atthattime，havebeencompleatedintothethingitself；because，shouldthatbedenied，wefind，uponasecondtrial，that，atpresent，itcan。Weconsidernot，thatthefantasticaldesireofshewingliberty，isherethemotiveofouractions。Anditseemscertain，that，howeverwemayimaginewefeelalibertywithinourselves，aspectatorcancommonlyinferouractionsfromourmotivesandcharacter；andevenwherehecannot，heconcludesingeneral，thathemight，wereheperfectlyacquaintedwitheverycircumstanceofoursituationandtemper，andthemostsecretspringsofourcomplexionanddisposition。Nowthisistheveryessenceofnecessity，accordingtotheforegoingdoctrine。
[23]T/HUS\，ifacausebedefined，，itiseasytoobserve，thatissynonymousto。Inlikemanner，ifacausebedefined，，thisisliabletothesameobjection。Forwhatismeantbythesewords，？Haditbeensaid，thatacauseisafterwhich；weshouldhaveunderstoodtheterms。Forthisis，indeed，allweknowofthematter。Andthisconstantlyformstheveryessenceofnecessity，norhaveweanyotherideaofit。
[24]S/INCE\allreasoningconcerningfactsorcausesisderivedmerelyfromcustom，itmaybeaskedhowithappens，thatmensomuchsurpassanimalsinreasoning，andonemansomuchsurpassesanother？Hasnotthesamecustomthesameinfluenceonall？
Weshallhereendeavourbrieflytoexplainthegreatdifferenceinhumanunderstandings:Afterwhichthereasonofthedifferencebetweenmenandanimalswilleasilybecomprehended。
1。Whenwehavelivedanytime，andhavebeenaccustomedtotheuniformityofnature，weacquireageneralhabit，bywhichwealwaystransfertheknowntotheunknown，andconceivethelattertoresembletheformer。Bymeansofthisgeneralhabitualprinciple，weregardevenoneexperimentasthefoundationofreasoning，andexpectasimilareventwithsomedegreeofcertainty，wheretheexperimenthasbeenmadeaccurately，andfreefromallforeigncircumstances。Itisthereforeconsideredasamatterofgreatimportancetoobservetheconsequencesofthings；andasonemanmayverymuchsurpassanotherinattentionandmemoryandobservation，thiswillmakeaverygreatdifferenceintheirreasoning。
2。Wherethereisacomplicationofcausestoproduceanyeffect，onemindmaybemuchlargerthananother，andbetterabletocomprehendthewholesystemofobjects，andtoinferjustlytheirconsequences。
3。Onemanisabletocarryonachainofconsequencestoagreaterlengththananother。
4。Fewmencanthinklongwithoutrunningintoaconfusionofideas，andmistakingoneforanother；andtherearevariousdegreesofthisinfirmity。
5。Thecircumstance，onwhichtheeffectdepends，isfrequentlyinvolvedinothercircumstances，whichareforeignandextrinsic。Theseparationofitoftenrequiresgreatattention，accuracy，andsubtility。
6。Theformingofgeneralmaximsfromparticularobservationisaveryniceoperation；andnothingismoreusual，fromhasteoranarrownessofmind，whichseesnotonallsides，thantocommitmistakesinthisparticular。
7。Whenwereasonfromanalogies，theman，whohasthegreaterexperienceorthegreaterpromptitudeofsuggestinganalogies，willbethebetterreasoner。
8。Biasesfromprejudice，education，passion，party，&c。hangmoreupononemindthananother。
9。Afterwehaveacquiredaconfidenceinhumantestimony，booksandconversationenlargemuchmorethesphereofoneman'sexperienceandthoughtthanthoseofanother。
Itwouldbeeasytodiscovermanyothercircumstancesthatmakeadifferenceintheunderstandingsofmen。
[25]P/LUTARCH\，invitaCatonis。
[26]N/O\I/NDIAN\，itisevident，couldhaveexperiencethatwaterdidnotfreezeincoldclimates。Thisisplacingnatureinasituationquiteunknowntohim；anditisimpossibleforhimtotellwhatwillresultfromit。Itismakinganewexperiment，theconsequenceofwhichisalwaysuncertain。Onemaysometimesconjecturefromanalogywhatwillfollow；butstillthisisbutconjecture。
Anditmustbeconfessed，that，inthepresentcaseoffreezing，theeventfollowscontrarytotherulesofanalogy，andissuchasarationalI/NDIAN\wouldnotlookfor。Theoperationsofcolduponwaterarenotgradual，accordingtothedegreesofcold；butwheneveritcomestothefreezingpoint，thewaterpassesinamoment，fromtheutmostliquiditytoperfecthardness。Suchanevent，therefore，maybedenominated，andrequiresaprettystrongtestimony，torenderitcredibletopeopleinawarmclimate:Butstillitisnot，norcontrarytouniformexperienceofthecourseofnatureincaseswhereallthecircumstancesarethesame。TheinhabitantsofS/UMATRA\havealwaysseenwaterfluidintheirownclimate，andthefreezingoftheirriversoughttobedeemedaprodigy:ButtheyneversawwaterinM/USCOVY\
duringthewinter；andthereforetheycannotreasonablybepositivewhatwouldtherebetheconsequence。
[27]S/OMETIMES\aneventmaynot，，
tobecontrarytothelawsofnature，andyet，ifitwerereal，itmight，byreasonofsomecircumstances，bedenominatedamiracle；because，in，itiscontrarytotheselaws。Thusifaperson，claimingadivineauthority，shouldcommandasickpersontobewell，ahealthfulmantofalldowndead，thecloudstopourrain，thewindstoblow，inshort，shouldordermanynaturalevents，whichimmediatelyfollowuponhiscommand；thesemightjustlybeesteemedmiracles，becausetheyarereally，inthiscase，contrarytothelawsofnature。Forifanysuspicionremain，thattheeventandcommandconcurredbyaccidentthereisnomiracleandnotransgressionofthelawsofnature。Ifthissuspicionberemoved，thereisevidentlyamiracle，andatransgressionoftheselaws；becausenothingcanbemorecontrarytonaturethanthatthevoiceorcommandofamanshouldhavesuchaninfluence。Amiraclemaybeaccuratelydefined，。Amiraclemayeitherbediscoverablebymenornot。Thisaltersnotitsnatureandessence。Theraisingofahouseorshipintotheairisavisiblemiracle。Theraisingofafeather，whenthewindwantseversolittleofaforcerequisiteforthatpurpose，isasrealamiracle，thoughnotsosensiblewithregardtous。
[28]ItmayperhapsbeobjectedthatIproceedrashlyandfrommynotionsofA/LEXANDER\merelyfromtheaccountgivenofhimbyLucian，aprofessedenemy。Itwereindeedtobewishedthatsomeoftheaccountspublishedbyhisfollowersandaccompliceshadremained。Theoppositionandcontrastbetwixtthecharacterandconductofthesamemanasdrawnbyafriendoranenemyisasstrong，evenincommonlife，muchmoreinthesereligiousmatters，asthatbetwixtanytomenintheworld；betwixtA/LEXANDER\andSt。
Paul，forinstance。SeeaLettertoGilbertWest，Esq。，ontheConversionandApostleshipofSt。Paul。[ThisnotewasremovedbyHumefromlatereditionsofthe——
J。F。]
[29]Hist。lib。v。cap。8，S/UETONIUS\givesnearlythesameaccountinvitaV/ESP\。
[30]T/HIS\bookwasbyMons。M/ONTGERON\，counsellororjudgeoftheparliamentofP/ARIS\，amanoffigureandcharacter，whowasalsoamartyrtothecause，andisnowsaidtobesomewhereinadungeononaccountofhisbook。
Thereisanotherbookinthreevolumescalled