Ihavetakenthismiddlecourseinordertosatisfybothsides；
foritwouldbedifficulttoinduceParliamenttoabolishoralterwhathasbeensorecentlyfixedbythem。TheChinesedress，asiswellknownallovertheworld，issuperiortothatwornbycivilizedpeopleintheWest，andtherecentchangefavoredbytheChineseisdeploredbymostforeignersinChina。Thefollowingparagraph，writtenbyaforeignmerchantandpublishedinoneoftheShanghaipapers，expressestheopinionofalmostallintelligentforeignersonthissubject:
"SometimebacktheworldwasjubilantoverthenewsthatamongthegreatreformsadoptedinChinawasthediscardingoftheChinesetunic，thatgreattypicalnationalcostume。`Theyareindeedgettingcivilized，'
saidthegossip；andoneandalladmiredtheenergydisplayedbytheresoluteYoungChinaincomingintolinewiththeCIVILIZEDworld，adoptingevenouruncomfortable，anti-hygienicandanti-estheticcostume。
"Foreign`fashioned'tailorshops，hatstores，shoemakers，etc。，sprangupalloverthecountry。WhenIpassedthroughCantoninSeptemberlast，Icouldnothelpnoticingalsothatthosetypicalstreetslinedwithboat-shaped，high-soledshoes，hadbeenreplacedbyforeign-stylebootandshoemakers。
"UndoubtedlythereformwasgaininggroundandtheChinesewouldhavetobeinthefuturedepicteddressedupasaCaucasian。
"InmysimplicityIsincerelyconfessIcouldnotbutdeplorethepassingawayofthecentury-oldtunic，soesthetic，socomfortable，sorich，sotypicaloftherace。InmyheartIwassorryforthechange，astomyconceptionitwasnotinthedresswheretheChinesehadtoseekreform……"
IagreewiththiswriterthatitisnotinthedomainofdressthatweChineseshouldlearnfromtheWesternpeoples。
TherearemanythingsinChinawhichcouldbeverywellimprovedbutcertainlynotdress。
Chapter12。AmericanversusChineseCivilizationContinued
Thequestionhasoftenbeenasked"Whicharethecivilizednations？"
Andtheanswerhasbeen，"AllEuropeandAmerica。"Tothequery，"WhataboutthenationsintheEast？"theanswerhasbeenmadethatwiththeexceptionofJapan，whohasnowbecomeagreatcivilizedpower，theothernationsaremoreorlesscivilized。Whenthematterisfurtherpressedanditisasked，"WhataboutChina？"thegeneralreplyis，"Sheissemi-civilized，"orinotherwords，notsocivilizedasthenationsintheWest。
Beforepronouncingsuchanopinionjustifiable，letusconsidertheplainfacts。Itakeitthatcivilizationinculcatesculture，refinement，humaneconduct，fairdealingandjusttreatment。
Amielsays，"Civilizationisfirstandforemostamoralthing。"
Thereisnodoubtthatthehumanrace，especiallyintheWest，hasimprovedwonderfullywithinthelastcentury。Manyinventionsanddiscoverieshavebeenmade，andmenarenowabletoenjoycomfortswhichcouldnothavebeenobtainedbefore。
Fromamaterialpointofviewwehavecertainlyprogressed，butdothe"civilized"peopleintheWestlivelongerthantheso-calledsemi-civilizedraces？Havetheysucceededinprolongingtheirlives？Aretheyhappierthanothers？
Ishouldliketoheartheiranswers。IsitnotafactthatAmericansaremoreliabletocatchcoldthanAsiatics；
withtheleastchangeofair，andwiththeslightestappearanceofanepidemicaretheynotmoreeasilyinfectedthanAsiatics？Ifso，why？
Withtheirgeniusforinventionwhyhavetheynotdiscoveredmeanstosafeguardthemselvessothattheycanlivelongeronthisearth？
Again，canAmericanssaythattheyarehappierthantheChinese？
FrompersonalobservationIhaveformedtheopinionthattheChinesearemorecontentedthanAmericans，andonthewholehappier；
andcertainlyonemeetsmoreoldpeopleinChinathaninAmerica。
SincetheUnitedStatesofAmericaisrich，wellgoverned，andprovidedwithmorematerialcomfortsthanChina，Americans，onewouldthink，shouldbehappierthanweare，butarethey？
Aretherenotmanyintheirmidstwhoarefriendlessandpenurious？
InChinanomaniswithoutfriends，orifheis，itishisownfault。
"Virtueisneverfriendless，"saidConfucius，and，associetyisconstitutedinChina，thisisliterallytrue。IfthisisnotsoinAmericaIfearthereissomethingwrongwiththatboastedcivilization，andthattheirmaterialtriumphsoverthephysicalforcesofnaturehavebeenpaiddearlyforbyalossofinsightintoherprofoundspiritualities。
PerhapssomewillunderstandwhenIquoteLaoTsze'saddresstoConfuciuson"Simplicity"。"Thechafffromwinnowingwillblindaman。
Mosquitoeswillbiteamanandkeephimawakeallnight，andsoitiswithallthetalkofyoursaboutcharityanddutytoone'sneighbor，itdrivesonecrazy。Sir，strivetokeeptheworldinitsoriginalsimplicity——whysomuchfuss？Thewindblowsasitlisteth，soletvirtueestablishitself。Theswaniswhitewithoutadailybath，andtheravenisblackwithoutdyeingitself。Whenthepondisdryandthefishesaregaspingforbreathitisofnousetomoistenthemwithalittlewateroralittlesprinkling。Comparedtotheiroriginalandsimpleconditioninthepondandtheriversitisnothing。"
HenryWardBeechersays，"Wealthmaynotproducecivilization，butcivilizationproducesmoney，"andinmyopinionwhilewealthmaybeusedtopromotehappinessandhealthitasofteninjuresboth。
Happinessistheproductofliberality，intelligenceandservicetoothers，andthereflexofhappinessishealth。Mycontentionisthatthepeoplewhopossessthesegoodqualitiesinthegreatestdegreearethemostcivilized。
Nowcivilization，asmentionedinthepreviouschapter，wasbornintheEastandtravelledwestward。Thelawofnatureisspiral，andinasmuchasEasterncivilizationtaughtthepeopleoftheWest，soWesterncivilization，whichisbaseduponprinciplesnativetotheEast，willreturntoitsoriginalsource。Nonationcannowremainshutupwithinitselfwithoutintercoursewithothernations；
theEastandtheWestcannolongerexistseparateandapart。
Thenewfacilitiesfortransportationandtravelbylandandwaterbringallnations，European，American，AsiaticandAfrican，nextdoortoeachother，andwhentheartofaviationismoreadvancedandpeopletravelintheairassafelyastheynowcrossoceans，therelationshipsofnationswillbecomestillcloser。
Whateffectwillthishaveonmankind？Thefirsteffectwillbe，Ishouldsay，greaterstability。Asinterestsbecomecommon，destructivecombatswillvanish。Allalikewillbeinterestedinpeace。
ItisagratifyingsignthatwithinrecentyearsthepeopleofAmericahavetakenaprominentpartinpeacemovements，andhaveinauguratedpeacecongresses，themembersofwhichrepresentdifferentsectionsofthecountry。Annualgatheringsofthisordermustdomuchtopreventwarandtoperpetuatepeace，byturningpeople'sthoughtsintherightdirection。
Take，forinstance，theLakeMohonkConferenceonInternationalArbitration，whichwasstartedbyaprivategentleman，Mr。A。K。Smiley，whowaswonteveryyeartoinviteprominentofficialsandotherstohisbeautifulsummerplaceatLakeMohonkforaconference。
Hehaspassedaway，totheregretofhismanyfriends，butthegoodmovementstillcontinues，andthenineteenthannualconferencewasheldundertheauspicesofhisbrother，Mr。DanielSmiley。
Amongthosepresent，therewerenotonlyeminentAmericans，suchasDr。C。W。Eliot，PresidentEmeritusofHarvardUniversity，Ex-AmericanAmbassadorC。Tower，Dr。J。Taylor，PresidentofVassarCollege，andDr。LymanAbbott，butdistinguishedforeignerssuchasJ。A。Baker，M。P。，ofEngland，HerrHeinrichYorkSteiner，ofVienna，andmanyothers。
Amongthelargenumberofpeoplewhosupportthiskindofmovement，andthenumberisincreasingeveryday，thenameofMr。AndrewCarnegiestandsoutveryprominently。ThisbenevolentgentlemanisamostvigorousadvocateofInternationalPeace，andhasspentmostofhistimeandmoneyforthatpurpose。Hehasgiventenmilliondollarsgold
forthepurposeofestablishingtheCarnegiePeaceFund；thefirstparagraphinhislonglettertothetrusteesisworthyofreproduction，asitexpresseshisstrongconvictions:
"Ihavetransferredtoyou，"hesays，"asTrusteesoftheCarnegiePeaceFund，tenmilliondollarsoffivepercent。mortgagebonds，therevenueofwhichistobeadministeredbyyoutohastentheabolitionofinternationalwar，thefoulestblotuponourcivilization。Althoughwenolongereatourfellowmennortortureourprisoners，norsackcities，killingtheirinhabitants，westillkilleachotherinwarlikebarbarians。
OnlywildbeastsareexcusablefordoingthatinthistheTwentiethCenturyoftheChristianera，forthecrimeofwarisinherent，sinceitdecidesnotinfavoroftheright，butalwaysofthestrong。
Thenationiscriminalwhichrefusesarbitrationanddrivesitsadversarytoatribunalwhichknowsnothingofrighteousjudgment。"
IamgladtosaythatIamfamiliarwithmanyAmericanmagazinesandjournalswhichareregularlypublishedtoadvocatepeace，andIhavenodoubtthatineverycountrysimilarmovementsarestirring，forthenationsarebeginningtorealizethedisastrouseffectsofwar。
IfIamnotmistaken，however，Americansarethemostactiveinthismatter。
ThePermanentCourtofArbitrationatTheHague，whosemembersbelongtonearlyeverynation，isasignificantindexofthespiritofthetimes。
Yetwhatanironyoffatethatwhilepeoplearesoactiveinperpetuatingpeacetheycannotpreserveit。LookattherecentwarsinEurope，firstbetweenItalyandTurkey，andafterwardintheBalkans，tosaynothingofdisturbancesinChinaandotherpartsoftheworld。
Itisjustlikewarningachildnottotakepoisonandthenallowinghimtoswallowitanddie。Sensiblemenshouldconsiderthisquestioncalmlyandseriously。Weallagreeastothewickednessofwarandyetwewarwithoneanother；wedonotlikewaryetwecannothelpwar。
Thereissurelysomehiddendefectinthewaywehavebeenbroughtup。
Isnotthesloganofnationality，toagreatextent，therootoftheevil？
Everyschoolboyandschoolgirlistaughtthedutyofdevotion，orstrongattachment，tohisorherowncountry，andeverystatesmanorpublicmanpreachesthedoctrineofloyaltytoone'snativeland；
whilethemanwhodarestorenderservicetoanothercountry，theinterestsofwhichareopposedtotheinterestsofhisownland，isdenouncedatraitor。Insuchcasestheindividualisneverallowedanopinionastotherightorwrongofthedispute。Heisexpectedtosupporthisowncountryandtocryatalltimes，"Ourcountry，rightorwrong。"Apolitician'sbestchancetosecurevotesistoglossoverthefaultsofhisownpartyornation，todilateonthewickednessofhisneighborsandtoexhorthiscompatriotstobeloyaltotheirnationalflag。Canitbewonderedatthatmenwhoareimbuedwithsuchdoctrinesbecomeselfishandnarrow-mindedandareeasilyinvolvedinquarrelswithothernations？
Patriotismis，ofcourse，thenationallife。Twenty-fourcenturiesago，speakingintheGreekColonyofNaxos，Pythagorasdescribedthisemotioninthefollowingeloquentpassage:"Listen，mychildren，towhattheStateshouldbetothegoodcitizen。Itismorethanfatherormother，itismorethanhusbandorwife，itismorethanchildorfriend。
TheStateisthefatherandmotherofall，isthewifeofthehusbandandthehusbandofthewife。Thefamilyisgood，andgoodisthejoyofthemaninwifeandinson。ButgreateristheState，whichistheprotectorofall，withoutwhichthehomewouldberavagedanddestroyed。
Deartothegoodmanisthehonorofthewomanwhoborehim，dearthehonorofthewifewhosechildrenclingtohisknees；
butdearershouldbethehonoroftheStatethatkeepssafethewifeandthechild。ItistheStatefromwhichcomesallthatmakesyourlifeprosperous，andgivesyoubeautyandsafety。
WithintheStatearebuiltupthearts，whichmakethedifferencebetweenthebarbarianandtheman。Ifthebravemandiesgladlyforthehearthstone，farmoregladlyshouldhediefortheState。"
ButonlywhentheStateseeksthegoodofthegoverned，forsaidPythagorasonanotheroccasion:"Organizedsocietyexistsforthehappinessandwelfareofitsmembers；andwhereitfailstosecuretheseitstandsipsofactocondemned。"
Butto-dayshouldtheStatebeatwarwithanother，andanycitizenorsectionofcitizensbelievetheirowncountrywrongandtheopposingnationwronged，theydarenotsayso，oriftheydotheyrungreatriskofbeingpunishedfortreason。
Menandwomenthoughnolongerboughtandsoldinthemarketplacearesubjectedtosubtlerformsofserfdom。InmostEuropeancountriestheyareobligedtofightwhethertheywillornot，andirrespectiveoftheirprivateconvictionsaboutthedispute；eventhough，asisthecaseinsomeEuropeancountries，theymaybecitizensfromcompulsionratherthanchoice，theyarenotfreetoabstainfromactiveparticipationinthequarrel。Chineserebellionsaresaidto"liveonloot"，i。e。，ontheforcibleconfiscationofprivateproperty，butisthatworsethanwinningbattlesontheforcibledeprivationofpersonalliberty？
Thisisnationalismgonemad!ItfostersthedesireforterritorygrabbingandillustratesafundamentaldifferencebetweentheOrientandtheOccident。
WithusgovernmentisbasedontheconsentofthegovernedinawaythattheWesternercanhardlyunderstand，forhispassiontoexpandischronic。Smallnationswhichareover-populatedwantterritoryfortheirsurpluspopulation；greatnationsdesireterritorytoextendtheirtrade，andwhenthereareseveralgreatpowerstodividethespoiltheydistributeitamongthemselvesandcallit"spheresofinfluence"，andallinhonorofthegodCommerce。InChinathefundamentalsofoursocialsystemarebrotherhoodandthedignityoflabor。
What，Iask，istheadvantageofaddingtonationalterritory？
Letusexaminethequestioncalmly。Ifatownoraprovinceisseizedtheconquerorhastokeepalargearmytomaintainpeaceandorder，andunlessthepeoplearewelldisposedtothenewauthoritytherewillbeconstanttroubleandfriction。Allthis，Imaysay，inpassing，isopposedtoourConfuciancodewhichbaseseverythingonreasonandabhorsviolence。Wewouldratherarguewithamobandfindout，ifpossible，itspointofview，thanfireonit。Wehaveyettobeconvincedthatgoodresultsflowfromtheuseoftheswordandthecannon。
Westernnationsknownoothercompulsion。
If，however，theacquisitionofnewterritoryarisesfromadesiretodevelopthecountryandtointroducethemostmodernandimprovedsystemsofgovernment，withoutulteriorintentions，thenitisbeyondpraise，butIfearthatsuchdisinterestedactionsarerare。
ThenearestapproachtosuchhighprincipleisthepurchaseofthePhilippineIslandsbytheUnitedStates。Icallit"purchase"
becausetheUnitedStatesGovernmentpaidagoodpricefortheIslandsafterhavingseizedtheterritory。TheintentionsoftheGovernmentwerewellknownatthetime。SinceheracquisitionofthoseIslands，Americahasbeendoingherbesttodeveloptheirresourcesandexpandtheirtrade。Administrativeandjudicialreformshavebeenintroduced，liberaleducationhasbeengiventothenatives，whoarebeingtrainedforself-government。IthasbeenrepeatedlyandauthoritativelydeclaredbytheUnitedStatesthatassoonastheyarecompetenttogovernthemselveswithoutdangerofdisturbances，andareabletoestablishastablegovernment，Americawillgrantindependencetothoseislands。Ibelievethatwhenthepropertimecomesshewillfulfillherword，andthussetanobleexampletotheworld。
TheBritishinHongkongaffordanillustrationofadifferentorder，provingthetruthofmycontentionthat，exceptingasaspherefortheexerciseofaltruism，theacquisitionofnewterritoriesisanillusivegain。WhenHongkongwascededtoGreatBritainattheconclusionofawarinwhichChinawasdefeated，itwasabareislandcontainingonlyafewfishermen'shuts。
Inordertomakeitatradingportandencouragepeopletolivethere，theBritishGovernmentspentlargesumsofmoneyyearafteryearforitsimprovementanddevelopment，andthroughthewiseadministrationofthelocalGovernmenteveryfacilitywasaffordedforfreetrade。
ItisnowaprosperousBritishcolonywithapopulationofnearlyhalfamillion。ButwhathavebeentheadvantagestoGreatBritain？
Financiallyshehasbeenagreatloser，fortheIslandwhichshereceivedatthecloseofherwarwithChinawasformanyyearsagreatdrainonhernationaltreasury。NowHongkongisaself-supportingcolony，butwhatbenefitsdotheBritishenjoytherethatdonotbelongtoeveryoneelse？Thecolonyisopentoallforeigners，andeveryrightwhichaBritishmerchanthasisequallysharedwitheveryoneelse。
Accordingtothecensusof1911，outofapopulationof456，739
only12，075werenon-Chinese，ofwhomasmallportionwereBritish；
therestwereChinese。ThustheprosperityofthatcolonydependsupontheChinesewho，itisneedlesstosay，areinpossessionofalltheprivilegesthatareenjoyedbyBritishresidents。
Itshouldbenoticedthatthenumberofforeignfirmsandstoresi。e。，non-Britishhavebeenandareincreasing，whilebigBritishhongsarelessnumerousthanbefore。Financially，theBritishpeoplehavecertainlynotbeengainersbytheacquisitionofthatcolony。
OfcourseIshallbetoldthatitaddstotheprestigeofGreatBritain，butthisisanempty，bumptiousboastdearlypaidforbytheBritishtax-payer。
Fromaneconomicandmoralpointofview，however，ImustadmitthatagreatdealofgoodhasbeendonebytheBritishGovernmentinHongkong。
IthasprovidedtheChinesewithanactualworkingmodelofaWesternsystemofgovernmentwhich，notwithstandingmanydifficulties，hassucceededintransformingabarrenislandintoaprosperoustown，whichisnowthelargestshippingportinChina。Theimpartialadministrationoflawandthehumanetreatmentofcriminalscannotbutexciteadmirationandgaintheconfidenceofthenatives。
IftheBritishGovernment，inacquiringthedesertisland，hadforitspurposetheinstructionofthenativesinamodernsystemofgovernment，sheistobesincerelycongratulated，butitisfearedthathermotiveswerelessaltruistic。
Theseremarksapplyequally，ifnotwithgreaterforce，totheothercoloniesorpossessionsinChinaunderthecontrolofEuropeanPowers，aswellastotheothercoloniesoftheBritishEmpire，suchasAustralia，NewZealand，Canada，andotherswhicharecalled"self-governingdominions"。
TheImperialGovernmentfeelsverytendertowardthesecolonists，andpracticallytheyareallowedtomanagetheiraffairsastheylike。
Sincetheyaresogenerouslytreatedandenjoytheprotectionofsogreatapower，thereisnofearthattheseself-governingdominionswilleverbecomeindependentoftheirmothercountry；butiftheyevershoulddoso，itismostimprobablethatshewoulddeclarewaragainstthem，astheBritishpeoplehavegrownwisersincetheirexperiencewiththeAmericancolonists。Britishstatesmenhavebeenawakenedtothenecessityofwinningthegood-willoftheircolonists，andwithinrecentyearshaveadoptedthepolicyofinvitingtheColonialpremierstoLondontodiscussquestionsaffectingImperialandColonialinterests。
ImperialfederationseemstobegrowingpopularwiththeBritishanditisprobablethatinthefutureEngland，Scotland，Wales，andIrelandwilleachhaveitsownparliament，withanImperialParliament，sittingatWestminster，containingrepresentativesfromallpartsoftheBritishEmpire，butAmericaistheonlynationwhichhasaddedtoherresponsibilitieswiththeavowedpurposeofmakingsemi-civilizedtribesindependent，self-governingcolonies，andAmericaisalmosttheonlygreatpowerthathasneveroccupiedorheldterritoryinChina。
Letmeaskagainwhatistheobjectofnationsseekingnewpossessions？
Isitforthepurposeoftrade？Ifso，theobjectcanbeobtainedwithoutacquiringterritory。Inthesedaysofenlightenmentanyonecangotoanycountryandtradewithoutrestriction，andintheBritishcoloniesthealienisinthesamepositionasthenative。
Heisnothamperedby"permits"orother"red-tape"methods。Isitforthepurposeofemigration？InEurope，AmericaandalltheBritishcolonies，sofarasIknow，whitepeople，unlesstheyarepaupersorundesirables，canemigratetoanycountryandafterashortperiodbecomenaturalized。
Somestatesmenwouldsaythatitisnecessaryforagreatpowertohavenavalbasesorcoalingstationsinseveralpartsoftheworld。
Thispresupposespreparationsforwar；butifinternationalpeaceweremaintained，suchpossessionswouldbeuselessandthemoneyspentonthemwasted。Inanycaseitisunproductiveexpenditure。
ItisthefashionforpoliticiansandIamsorrytofindthemsupportedbyeminentstatesmentopreachthedoctrineofarmaments；theyallegethatinordertopreservepeaceitisnecessarytobepreparedforwar，thatanationwithalargearmyornavycommandsrespect，andthatherwordcarriesweight。Thisargumentcutsbothways，foranationoccupyingsuchacommandingpositionmaybeunreasonableandaterrortoweakernations。Ifthishigh-toneddoctrinecontinueswherewillitend？Weshallsoonseeeverynationarmingtotheteethforthesakeofhernationalhonorandsafety，anddraininghertreasuryforthepurposeofbuildingdreadnaughtsandprovidingarmaments。
Whensuchastateofthingsexistscaninternationalpeacebeperpetuated？
Willnotoccasionbefoundtotestthosewarimplementsandtoutilizethenavalandmilitarymen？Whenyoupurchaseaknifedon'tyouexpecttouseit？Mr。LloydGeorge，theEnglishChancelloroftheExchequer，inaspeechinwhichhelamentedtheever-increasingbutunnecessaryexpenditureonarmaments，saidinParliament:"Ifeelconfidentthatitwillendinagreatdisaster——Iwon'tsaytothiscountry，thoughitisjustpossiblethatitmayendinadisasterhere。"
Amanwitharevolversometimesinvitesattack，lestwhatwasatfirstintendedonlyforadefenseshouldbecomeamenace。
WhendiscussingthecrazeoftheWesternnationsforaddingtotheirterritoriesIsaidthatwhitepeoplecanemigratetoanyforeigncountrythattheyplease，butitisnotsowiththeyellowrace。Ithasbeenassertedwithauthoritythatsomecountriesarereservedexclusivelyforthewhiteraces，andwiththisobjectinviewlawshavebeenenactedprohibitingthenativesofAsiafrombecomingnaturalizedcitizens，besidesimposingverystrictandalmostprohibitoryregulationsregardingtheiradmission。Thosewhosupportsuchapolicyholdthatthey，thewhitepeople，aresuperiortotheyellowpeopleinintellect，ineducation，intaste，andinhabits，andthattheyellowpeopleareunworthytoassociatewiththem。YetinChinawehavemanners，wehavearts，wehavemorals，andwehavemanagedafairlylargesocietyforthousandsofyearswithoutthebitterclasshatreds，classdivisions，andclassstrugglesthathavemarredthefairprogressoftheWest。
Wehavenotenslavedourlivestowealth。Welikeluxurybutwelikeotherthingsbetter。Welovelifemorethanchasingimitationsoflife。
Ourdifferencesofcolor，likeourdifferencesofspeech，areaccidental，theyareduetoclimaticandotherinfluences。Wecameoriginallyfromonestock。Weallstartedevenly，Heavenhasnofavorites。
Manalonehasmadedifferencesbetweenmanandman，andtheyellowmanisnowhitinferiortothewhitepeopleinintelligence。
DuringtheRusso-JapanWarwasitnottheyellowracethatdisplayedthesuperiorintelligence？IamsometimesalmosttemptedtosaythatAsiawillhavetocivilizetheWestoveragain。
Iamnotbitterorsarcastic，butIdocontendthatthereareyetmanythingsthatthewhiteraceshavetolearnfromtheircoloredbrethren。
InIndia，inChina，andinJapanthereareinstitutionswhichhaveastabilityunknownoutsideAsia。ReligionhasapparentlylittleinfluenceonWesterncivilization；itisthecorner-stoneofsocietyinallAsiaticcivilizations。Theresultisthatthecoloredracesplacemoralityintheplaceassignedbytheirmorepracticalwhiteconfrerestoeconomicpropositions。Wethink，aswecontemplatetheWest，thatwhitepeopledonotunderstandcomfortbecausetheyhavenoleisuretoenjoycontentment；THEYmeasurelifebyaccumulation，WEbymorality。
Familytiesarestrongerwiththeso-calledcoloredracesthantheyareamongthemoreirresponsiblewhiteraces；
consequentlythesocialsenseiskeeneramongtheformerandmuchindividualsufferingisavoided。Wehaveourvices，butthesearenotpeculiartoUS；and，atleast，wehavethemeritofbeingeasilygoverned。WhereverthereareChinesecoloniesthegeneralverdictis:"TheChinesemakegoodcitizens。"
ThisiswhatthelateSirRobertHart，towhomChinaowesherCustomsorganization，saidaboutus:
"TheytheChinesearewell-behaved，law-abiding，intelligent，economical，andindustrious；theycanlearnanythinganddoanything；
theyarepunctiliouslypolite，theyworshiptalent，andtheybelieveinrightsofirmlythattheyscorntothinkitrequirestobesupportedorenforcedbymight；theydelightinliterature，andeverywheretheyhavetheirliteraryclubsandcoteriesforlearninganddiscussingeachother'sessaysandverses；
theypossessandpractiseanadmirablesystemofethics，andtheyaregenerous，charitable，andfondofgoodwork；
theyneverforgetafavor，theymakerichreturnforanykindness，andthoughtheyknowmoneywillbuyservice，amanmustbemorethanwealthytowinesteemandrespect；theyarepractical，teachable，andwonderfullygiftedwithcommonsense；theyareexcellentartisans，reliableworkmen，andofagoodfaiththateveryoneacknowledgesandadmiresintheircommercialdealings；innocountrythatisorwas，hasthecommandment`Honorthyfatherandthymother'，beensoreligiouslyobeyed，orsofullyandwithoutexceptiongiveneffectto，anditisinfactthekeynoteoftheirfamily，social，officialandnationallife，andbecauseitissotheirdaysarelonginthelandGodhasgiventhem。"
Thecryof"AmericafortheAmericans"or"AustraliafortheAustralians"
ismostillogical，forthosepeoplewerenottheoriginalownersofthesoil；
withfargreaterreasonweinthefarEastmightshout，"ChinafortheChinese"，"JapanfortheJapanese"。IwillquoteMr。T。S。Sutton，EnglishSecretaryoftheChinese-AmericanLeagueofJustice，onthispoint。"Themostasininewhineintheworld，"hesays，"isthatof`AmericafortheAmericans'or`ChinafortheChinese'，etc。
Itisthehissingsloganofgreed，fear，envy，selfishness，ignoranceandprejudice。Noman，nohumanbeingwhocallshimselfaman，noChristian，nosaneorreasonableperson，shouldorcouldeverbeguiltyofutteringthatdespicablewail。Godmadetheworldforallmen，andifGodhasanypreference，ifGodisanyrespecterofpersons，HemustsurelyfavortheChinese，forHehasmademoreofthemthanofanyotherpeopleontheglobe。`AmericafortheaboriginalIndians'
wasoncethecry。ThenwhentheEnglishcameoveritchangedto`AmericafortheEnglish'，later`AmericaforthePuritans'，andaroundNewOrleanstheycried`AmericafortheFrench'。InPennsylvaniathesloganwas`AmericafortheDutch'，etc。，butthetruthremainsthatGodhassetasideAmericaas`themeltingpot'oftheworld，thelandtowhichallpeoplemaycome，andfromwhichtherehasarisen，andwillcontinuetorise，agreatmixedrace，acosmopolitannationthatmay，ifitisnotmisledbyprejudiceandignorance，yetleadtheworld。"
AlthoughMr。Sutton'sphraseologyissomewhatstrong，hisargumentsaresoundandunanswerable。
Inowpasstosomelesscontroversialaspectsofmytheme，andnoteapraiseworthycustomthatispracticallyunknownintheFarEast。
IrefertothehabitofinternationalmarriageswhicharenotonlycommonincosmopolitanAmericabutareofdailyoccurrenceinEuropealso，amongordinarypeopleaswellastheroyalfamiliesofEurope，sothatnearlyalltheEuropeancourtsarerelatedonetotheother。
Thisisagoodomenforapermanentworld-peace。TherehavebeensomemarriagesofAsiaticswithEuropeansandAmericans，andtheyshouldbeencouraged。EverythingthatbringstheEastandWesttogetherandhelpseachtounderstandtheotherbetter，isgood。Theoffspringfromsuchmixedunionsinheritthegoodpointsofbothsides。TheheadmasteroftheQueen'sCollegeinHongkong，wheretherearehundredsofboysofdifferentnationalitiesstudyingtogether，oncetoldmethatformerlyattheyearlyexaminationtheprizeswerenearlyallwonbytheChinesestudents，butthatinlateryearswhenEurasianboyswereadmitted，theybeattheChineseandalltheothers，andgenerallycameoutthebest。
Notonlyinschoolbutinbusinessalsotheyhaveturnedoutwell。
ItiswellknownthattherichestmaninHongkongisaEurasian。
ItissaidthatthefatherofAguinaldo，thewell-knownPhilippineleader，wasaChinese。Thereisnodoubtthatmixedmarriagesofthewhitewiththeyellowraceswillbeproductiveofgoodtobothsides。
ButdoChinesereallymakegoodhusbands？myladyfriendsask。
IwillcitethecaseofanAmericanlady。SomeyearsagoaChinesecalledonmeatmyLegationinWashingtonaccompaniedbyanAmericanladyandagirl。Theladywasintroducedtomeashiswifeandthegirlashisdaughter；Inaturallysupposedthattheladywasthegirl'smother，butshetoldmethatthegirlwasthedaughterofherlateintimatefriend，andthatafterherdeath，knowingthatthechild'sfatherhadbeenagoodandaffectionatehusbandtoherfriend，shehadgladlybecomehissecondwife，andadoptedhisdaughter。
ThosewhobelieveinreincarnationandIhopemostofmyreadersdo，asitisacluetomanymysteriesunderstandthatwhenpeoplearereincarnatedtheyarenotalwaysborninthesamecountryorcontinentasthatinwhichtheylivedintheirpreviouslife。IhaveanimpressionthatinoneofmyformerexistencesIwasbornandbroughtupintheUnitedStates。InsayingthisIdonotexpresstheslightestregretsathavingnowbeenborninAsia。IonlywishtogiveahinttothosewhitepeoplewhoadvocateanexclusivepolicythatintheirnextlifetheymaybeborninAsiaorAfrica，andthattheinjurytheyarenowinflictingontheyellowpeopletheymaythemselveshavetosufferinanotherlife。
WhileadmittingthatweChinesehaveourfaultsandthatinsomematterswehavemuchtolearn，especiallyfromtheAmericans，weatleastpossessonemoralquality，magnanimity，whiletheprimalvirtuesofindustry，economy，obedience，andloveofpeace，combinedwitha"moderationinallthings"，arealsocommonamongus。Ourpeoplehavefrequentlybeenslightedorill-treatedbutweentertainnorevengefulspirit，andarewillingtoforget。Webelievethatintheendrightwillconquermight。InnumerableashavebeenthedisputesbetweenChineseandforeignersitcanatleastbesaid，withoutgoingintodetails，thatwehavenot，inthefirstinstance，beentheaggressors。Letmesupplyalocalillustrationshowinghowourfaultsarealwaysexaggerated。Westernpeoplearefondofhorse-racing。
InShanghaitheyhavesecuredfromtheChinesealargepieceofgroundwheretheyholdracemeetingstwiceayear，butnoChineseareallowedonthegrand-standduringtheracedays。Theyareprovidedwithaseparateentrance，andaseparateenclosure，asthoughtheywerethevictimsofsomeinfectiousdisease。IhavebeentoldthatafewyearsagoaChinesegentlemantooksomeChineseladiesintothegrand-standandthattheymisbehaved；hencethisdiscriminatorytreatmentofChinese。
Itisproperthatstepsshouldbetakentopreserveorderanddecencyinpublicplaces，butisitfairtointerdictthepeopleofanationonaccountofthemisconductoftwoorthree？SupposeithadbeenGermanswhohadmisbehavedthemselveswhichisnotlikely，wouldtheraceclubhavedaredtoexcludeGermansfromsharingwithothernationsthepleasuresoftheraces？
Incontrastwiththis，letusseewhattheChinesehavedone。
Havinglearnedthegameofhorse-racingfromtheforeignersinChina，andnotbeingallowedtoparticipate，theyhaveformedtheirownraceclub，and，withintention，havecalleditthe"InternationalRecreationClub"。
ThisClubhaspurchasedalargetractoflandatKiangwan，aboutfivemilesfromShanghai，andhasturneditintoarace-course，considerablylargerthanthatinShanghai。Whenaracemeetingisheldthere，ITISOPENTOFOREIGNERSASWELLASCHINESE，infactcomplimentaryticketshaveevenbeensenttothemembersoftheforeignraceclubinvitingtheirattendance。Halfofthemembersoftheracecommitteeareforeigners；
whileforeignersandChineseactjointlyasstewardsandjudges；
theponiesthatrunareownedbyforeignersaswellasbyChinese，andChinesejockeyscompetewithforeignjockeysinalltheevents。
Amostpleasingfeatureoftheseracesistheverymanifestcordialgoodfeelingwhichprevailsthroughouttheracesthere。
TheChinesehavebeendubbed"semi-civilizedandheathenish"，butthe"InternationalRecreationClub"andtheKiangwanrace-coursedisplayanabsenceofanydesiretoretaliateandsentimentsofinternationalfriendshipsuchasitwould，perhaps，bedifficulttoparallel。
ShouldsuchpeoplebedeniedadmissionintoAustralia，Canada，ortheUnitedStates？Wouldnottheexclusionistsinthosecountriesprofitbyassociationwiththem？
TheimmigrationlawsinforceinAustraliaare，Iaminformed，evenmorestrictandmoreseverethanthoseintheUnitedStates。
Theyamounttoalmosttotalprohibition；fortheyaredirectednotonlyagainstChineselaborersbutaresooperatedthattheChinesemerchantandstudentarealsopracticallyrefusedadmission。
InthecourseofalecturedeliveredinEnglandbyMrs。AnnieBesantin1912
on"ThecitizenshipofcoloredracesintheBritishEmpire"，whilecondemningtheraceprejudicesofherownpeople，shebroughtoutafactwhichwillbeinterestingtomyreaders，especiallytotheAustralians。
Shesays，"InAustraliaaverycuriouschangeistakingplace。
Colorhasverymuchdeepenedinthatclime，andtheAustralianhasbecomeveryyellow；sothatitbecomesaproblemwhether，afteratime，thepeoplewouldbeallowedtoliveintheirowncountry。
ThewhitepeoplearefarmorecoloredthanaresomeIndians。"