2。Where，however，apassiontakesitsoriginfromaparticularturnoftheimagination，theimaginationofothers，nothavingacquiredthatparticularturn，cannotsympathizewiththepassion，andsofindsitinsomemeasureridiculous。Thisisparticularlythecasewiththepassionoflove。Wemaysympathizewithourfriend'sresentment，ifhehasbeeninjured，orenterintohisgratitude，ifhehasreceivedabenefit；butifheisinlove，howeverreasonablewemaythinkit，"thepassionappearstoeverybody，butthemanwhofeelsit，entirelydisproportionedtothevalueoftheobject；andlove，thoughitispardonedinacertainage，becauseweknowitisnatural，isalwayslaughedatbecausewecannotenterintoit。Allseriousandstrongexpressionsofitappearridiculoustoathirdperson；andthoughalovermaybegoodcompanytohismistress，heissotonobodyelse。Hehimselfissensibleofthis；and，aslongashecontinuesinhissobersenses，endeavourstotreathisownpassionwithrailleryandridicule。Itistheonlystyleinwhichwecaretohearofit，becauseitistheonlystyleinwhichweourselvesaredisposedtotalkofit。"
　　Ourphilosopherhoweveradmits，thatthoughwecannotproperlyenterintotheattachmentofthelover，wereadilysympathizewithhisexpectationsofhappiness。Thoughhispassioncannotinterestus，hissituationofmingledhopeandfearinterestsus，justasinthedescriptionofaseavoyageitisnotthehungerofthecrewwhichinterestsusbutthedistresswhichitoccasionsthem。Whenloveisinterestingonthestage，itissosimplyfromthedistressitoccasions。Asceneoftwolovers，inperfectsecurity，expressingtheirmutualfondnessforoneanother，wouldexcitelaughterandnotsympathy。Suchasceneisneverenduredbutfromconcernforthedangersanddifficultiesforeseeninthesequel，orfrominterestinthesecondarypassionsfear，shame，anddespairwhichareassociatedwithloveasasituation，andwithwhichalonewecanreallysympathize。
　　3。Inthethirdplacecometheunsocialpassions，suchashatredandresentment，withalltheirmodifications。Theyalsoarefoundedontheimagination，buthavetobeconsider-ablymodifiedbeforetheytouchthatpointofproprietywithwhichanimpartialspectatorcansympathize。
　　Forthesepassionsgiverisetoadoublesympathy，orratherdivideoursympathybetweenthepersonwhofeelsthemandthepersonwhoistheobjectofthem。Thoughwemaysympathizewithhimwhohasreceivedaprovocation，wealsosympathizewithhisadversary，ifhebecomestheobjectofundueresentment。Weenterintothesituationofboth，andthefearwefeelwiththeonemoderatestheresentmentwefeelwiththeother。Henceforresentmenttoattainthemeanofpropriety，itmustbemorereducedfromitsnaturaldegreethanalmostanyotherpassion；andthegreaterrestraintamanputsonhisanger，themorewillmankind，whohaveaverystrongsenseoftheinjuriesdonetoanother，enterintoandbearwithhisresentment。
　　Theseunsocialpassionsare，however，necessarypartsofhumannature，andasontheonehandwecannotsympathizewithexcessiveindignation，soontheotherhandweblameanddespiseaman"whotamelysitsstillandsubmitstoinsults，"fromourinabilitytocomprehendhisinsensibilityandwantofspirit。Thesepassionsarethereforeusefultotheindividual，asservingtoprotecthimfrominsultandinjury；butthereisstillsomethingdisagreeableinthemwhichmakestheirappearanceinothersthenaturalobjectofouraversion。Itissoevenwhentheyaremostjustlyprovoked。
　　Hencetheyaretheonlypassions，themereexpressionofwhichdoesnotcommandoursympathiestillweknowthecause。Thevoiceofmisery，orthesightofgladness，atoncecommunicatestouscorrespondingsentiments；
　　butthetonesofhatredorresentmentinspireusnaturallywithfearandaversion。Forthatreasonthemusic，whichimitatessuchpassions，isnotthemostagreeable，itsperiodsbeing，unlikethosewhichexpressjoyorgrieforlove，"irregular，sometimesveryshort，sometimesverylong，anddistinguishedbynoregularpauses。"
　　Forallthesereasonsitisverydifficulttoadjustresentmenttothepointofproprietydemandedbythesympathyofothers。Theprovocationmustbesuchthatweshouldincurcontemptfornotresentingit；andsmalleroffencesarebetterneglected。Weshouldresentmorefromasensethatmankindexpectitofusthanfromtheimpulseofthepassionitself。Thereisnopassionconcerningwhoseindulgenceweshouldmorecarefullyconsiderthesentimentsofthecoolandimpartialspectator。Magnanimity，oraregardtomaintainourownrankanddignity，canaloneennobleitsexpression；
　　andweshouldshowsfromourwholemanner，thatpassionhasnotextinguishedourhumanity，andthat，ifweyieldtorevenge，wedosowithreluctanceandfromnecessity。
　　4。Withregardtothesocialpassions，suchasgenerosity，humanity，kindness，compassion，orfriendship，thefactsarequitedifferent。Notonlyisthemereexpressionofthesesentimentsagreeable，buttheyaremadedoublyagreeablebyadivisionofthespectator'ssympathiesbetweenthepersonwhofeelsthemandthepersonwhoistheobjectofthem。Weenterwithpleasureintothesatisfactionofboth，intotheagreeableemotionsofthemanwhoisgenerousorcompassionate，andintotheagreeableemotionsofthemanwhoreceivesthebenefitofhisgenerosityorcompassion。
　　Henceinthesepassionsthepointofproprietyliesnearertotheexcessthantothedefect，justasintheoppositepassionsitlaynearertothedefect。"Thereissomethingagreeableevenintheweaknessoffriendshipandhumanity，"andifweblamethetootendermother，thetooindulgentfather，orthetoogenerousfriend，itisalwayswithsympathyandkindness，andwithnofeelingofhatredoraversion。
　　5。Betweenthesocialandtheunsocialpassionstheselfishpassionsoccupyamiddleplace。Thesearejoyandgriefforourownpersonalgoodorbadfortune。Sincenooppositesympathycaneverinterestthespectatoragainstthem，theirexcessiveexpressionisneversodisagreeableasexcessiveresentment；andforthereasonthatnodoublesympathycaneverinterestusforthem，theyareneversoagreeableasproperhumanityandbenevolence。
　　Weare，AdamSmiththinks，naturallydisposedtosympathizemorewithourneighbours'smalljoysthanwiththeirgreatones，andmorewiththeirgreatsorrowsthanwiththeirsmallones。Amanraisedsuddenlytoamuchhigherpositionmaybesurethatthecongratulationsofhisbestfriendsarenotperfectlysincere。Ifhehasanyjudgment，heissensibleofthis，and，insteadofappearingelated，endeavourstosmotherhisjoy，andkeepdownhiselevationofmind。Heaffectsthesameplainnessofdress，andthesamemodestyofbehaviour，whichbecamehimbefore，andredoubleshisattentionstohisformerfriends。Sohisconductmaymeetwithourapproval，for"weexpect，itseems，thatheshouldhavemoresympathywithourenvyandaversiontohishappinessthanwehavewithhishappiness。"
　　Withthesmallerjoysoflifeitisdifferent。Theabilityofthespectatorstosympathizewiththeseplacesthepointofproprietyintheirindulgencemuchhigher。Wereadilysympathizewithhabitualcheerfulness，whichspreadsitself'，asitwere，byinfection。Henceitishardlypossibletoexpresstoomuchsatisfactioninthelittleoccurrencesof'commonlife，inthecompanyofyesterdayevening，intheentertainmentgenerally，inwhatwassaidordone，"andinallthosefrivolousnothingswhichfillupthevoidofhumanlife。"
　　Itisotherwisewithgrief，forwhilesmallvexationsexcitenosympathy，deepafflictioncallsforthegreatest。Amanwillmeetwithlittlesympathy，whoishurtifhiscookorbutlerhavefailedintheleastarticleoftheirduty；whoisvexedifhisbrotherhummedatuneallthetimehewastellingastory；whoisputoutofhumourbythebadnessoftheweatherwheninthecountry，bythebadnessoftheroadswhenuponajourney，orbywantofcompanyanddulnesswhenintown。Griefispainfultoourselvesortoothers，andweshouldendeavoureithernottoconceiveitatallabouttrifles，ortoshakeitoffifwedo。Thereisacertain"maliceinmankindwhichnotonlypreventsallsympathywithlittleuneasinesses，butrenderstheminsomemeasurediverting。"
　　Butthoughwealltakedelightinraillery，andinthesmallvexationswhichoccurtoourcompanions，oursympathywiththemincaseofdeepdistressisverystrongandverysincere。"Ifyoulabourunderanysignalcalamity；
　　ifbysomeextraordinarymisfortuneyouarefallenintopoverty，intodiseases，intodisgraceanddisappointment……youmaygenerallydependuponthesincerestsympathyofallyourfriends，and，asfarasinterestandhonourwillpermit，upontheirkindestassistancetoo。Butifyourmisfortuneisnotofthisdreadfulkind，ifyouhaveonlybeenalittlebaulkedinyourambition，ifyouhaveonlybeenjiltedbyyourmistress，orareonlyhenpeckedbyyourwife，layyouraccountwiththerailleryofallyouracquaintance。"
　　CHAPTERIV。THEFEELINGOFMERITANDDEMERIT。
　　Thesenseoftheproprietyorimproprietyofamoralactionorsentimentis，accordingtoAdamSmith，onlyonesideofthefactofmoralapprobation，asenseoftheirmeritordemeritconstitutingtheotherside。Anactionorsentimentisproperorimproperinrelationtoitscause，orthemotivewhichexcitesit，whilstitismeritoriousorthecontraryinrelationtoitseffect，orinaccordancewithitsbeneficialorhurtfultendency。
　　Itisimportanttonoticethisdistinction，foritisaprotest，asAdamSmithhimselfdeclares，againstthetheoriesofDr。HutchesonandHume，who，hecomplains，hadconsideredtoomuchthetendencyofaffections，theirgoodorbadresults，whilstneglectingtherelationinwhichtheystoodtotheircauses。Thiswastooverlookthefactsofcommonlife，sinceaperson'sconductandsentimentsaregenerallyregardedunderboththeseaspects，amanreceivingblameforexcessoflove，orgrief，orresentment，notonlybyreasonoftheruinouseffectstheytendtoproduce，butalsoonaccountofthelittleoccasionthatwasgivenforthem。Itisthewantofproportionbetweenapassionanditscause，aswellasthesenseofitsdisastrouseffects，whichmakeupthewholecharacterofmoraldisapprobation。
　　Whilstpraiseorblameareattachedtothefirstaspectofanactionorsentiment，astrongerfeelingofsympathyorantipathyattachesitselftoeitherinconnexionwiththeireffects，afeelingthattheydeserverewardorpunishment，afeelinginotherwordsoftheirmeritordemerit。
　　Asgratitudeisthefeelingwhichmostdirectlypromptsustorewardanotherman，andresentmentthatwhichmostdirectlypromptsustopunishhim，anactionwillcallforrewardorpunishmentaccordingasitistheobjectofeitherofthesefeelings。Themeasure，therefore，ofthemeritordemeritofanyactionwillbethefeelingofgratitudeorresentmentitexcites。
　　Buthereagaintheprincipleofsympathymustcomeintoplay，todecideontherightfulnessofthegratitudeorresentment。Anactioncanonlyseemmeritoriousorthecontrary，asdeservingofrewardorpunishment，ifitistheproperandrightobjectofgratitudeorresentment；andonlythatgratitudeorresentmentcanbeproperwhichcommandsthesympathyoftheimpartialspectator。Thatman'sactiondeservesrewardasmeritoriouswhotosomebodyistheobjectofagratitudewhicheveryhumanheartisdisposedtobeattimeto，whilsthisactionseemstodeservepunishmentasbadwhotosomebodyistheobjectofaresentmentwhicheveryreasonablemancansympathizewithandadopt。Accordingaseverybodywhohearsofanyactionwouldwishtoseeitrewardedorpunishedmayitfairlybeaccountedmeritoriousorthereverse。
　　Inregarding，then，thebeneficialorhurtfultendencyofactions，oursenseoftheirmeritordemerit，duetosympathywiththegratitudeortheresentmenttheyrespectivelyexcitesappearstoariseinthefollowingway。
　　Sympathizingaswedowiththejoyofothersinprosperity，wealsojointheminthesatisfactionwithwhichtheyregardthecauseoftheirgoodfortune。Ifthecausehasbeenaman，thisismoreespeciallythecase。Weregardhiminthesameengaginglightinwhichweimaginehemustappeartotheobjectofhisbounty，whilstoursympathywiththejoyofthelatterinspiresusalsowithareflectionofthesamegratitudehefeels。
　　Inthesamemannerwesympathizenotonlywiththedistressorsorrowofanother，butwiththeaversionhefeelstowardsthecauseofit。Whenweseeonemanoppressedorinjuredbyanother，oursympathywiththesuffereronlyanimatesourfellow-feelingwithhisresentmentagainsthisoppressor。
　　Soweevenenterintotheimaginaryresentmentoftheslain，andbyanillusivesympathywiththatresentmentwhichweknowhewouldfeel，werehealive，exactvengeancefromthecriminalwhomurderedhim。
　　Butalthoughoursympathywiththebeneficialresultsofanactmaythusleadustojoininthegratitudeitoccasions，andsotoregarditasmeritoriousordeservingofreward，thisisonly，ashasbeensaid，onesideoraspectofcompletemoralapprobation。Toconstitutethelatter，asenseoftheproprietyofanactionmustbejoinedtoasenseofitsmerit。；andanactionisonlythenreallygoodwhenwecansympathizewiththemotivesoftheagentaswellaswiththegratitudehisconductproduces。
　　Whereverwecannotenterintotheaffectionsoftheagent，whereverwecannotrecognizeanyproprietyinthemotiveswhichinfluencedhim，wefailtosympathizewiththegratitudeofthepersonhehasbefriended。
　　Where，forinstance，thegreatestbenefitshavebeenconferredfromthemosttrivialmotives，aswhereamangivesanestatetoanothersimplybecausehisnameorhissurnamehappentobethesameashisown，littlegratitudeseemsdue；andcon-sequentlytheaction，thoughbeneficialinitstendency，sinceitfailstocommandourcompletesympathy，failstocommandourcompleteapprobation。
　　Soontheotherhand，howeverhurtfulintheirtendencyaman'sactionsorintentionsmaybe，ifwesympathizewithhismotives，thatis，ifwelookuponhimasintheright，wecanfeelnosympathywiththeresentmentofthepersoninjuriouslyaffectedbyhim。Ifhesuffersnomorethanourownsympatheticindignationwouldhavepromptedustoinflictuponhim，wehavenofellow-feelingwithhissuffering，andconsequentlynosenseofthedemeritoftheactionheregardswithresentment。Itwouldbeimpossible，forinstance，tosympathizewiththeresentmentexpressedbyamurdereragainsthisjudge。Sothattoconstitutethesentimentofcompletemoraldisapprobation，theremustbeimproprietyofmotiveonthepartoftheagentaswellasahurtfulresulttosomeoneelse；or，inotherwords，foranactiontobepronouncedbyoursympatheticimaginationcompletelybad，itmustbebothimproperinitsmotiveandinjuriousinitsresult。
　　Itisnotenoughforittobesimplyinjurious。
　　Itresultsthereforefromthisanalysis，thatacompletesenseofthemeritofanaction，orthefeelingofperfectmoralapprobation，isreally"acompoundedsentiment，"madeupoftwodistinctsympatheticemotions，namely，ofadirectsympathywiththesentimentsoftheagent，andanindirectsympathywiththegratitudeofthosewhoreceivethebenefitofhisactions。
　　TakeoursenseofthegooddesertofaparticularcharacterinhistoryScipio，Timoleon，orAristides。Inimaginationwebecomethoseverypersons，and，byadirectsympathywiththem，enterintotheirdesigns，andfeelthesamegeneroussentimentsthattheyfelt。Butwealsobyanindirectsympathyfeelthebenefitoftheirgreatactions，andenterintothegratitudeofthosewhoexperiencedthem。Thesympatheticemotionsofgratitudeandlove，whichwethusfeelwhenwebringhometoourownbreastthesituationofthoseoriginallyconcerned，accountforourwholesenseofthemeritofsuchactions，andforourdesireoftheirmeetingwithafittingrecompence。
　　Inthesamewayacompletesenseofthedemeritofanactionisacompoundedsentimentmadeupoftwodistinctemotions；ofadirectantipathytothesentimentsoftheagent，andanindirectsympathywiththeresentmentofthesufferer。WefeeladirectantipathytothedetestablesentimentswhichactuatedaBorgiaoraNero，whilewesympathizeindirectlywiththeresentmentofthosetheyafflicted。Oursenseoftheatrocityoftheirconduct，andourdelightinhearingofitspunishmentinshort，ourwholefeelingofilldesert，andofthejusticeofinflictingevilonthepersonwhoisguiltyofit，andofmakinghimgrieveinhisturnarisesfromthesympatheticindignationwhichboilsupinourbreastwheneverwethoroughlybringhometoourselvesthecaseofthesufferer。
　　Norisitanydegradationofoursenseofthedemeritofactionstoascribeittooursympathywiththeresentmentofanother。Resentmentisineveryrespectthecounterpartofgratitude，andifoursenseofmeritarisesfromoursympathywiththeone，oursenseofdemeritmaywellarisefromoursympathywiththeother。Resentment，too，asaprincipleofhumannature，isonlyevilwhenitappearsinexcessasrevenge；andasitisexcessiveahundredtimesforoncethatitismoderate，weareapttoconsideritaltogetherdetestable，becauseinitsordinarymanifestationitisso。
　　Butitisnotdisapprovedofwhenproperlyhumbled，andentirelybroughtdowntothelevelofthesympatheticindignationofthespectator。Whenweasbystandersentertainananimositycorrespondingtothatofthesufferer，whenhisresentmentinnorespectexceedsourown，whennowordnorgestureescapeshimthatdenotesanemotionmoreviolentthanwecanshare，andwhenheneveraimsatinflictingapunishmentsevererthanthatweshouldrejoicetoseeinflictedorwouldinflictourselves，itisimpossiblethatweshouldnotentirelyapproveofhissentiments。
　　ItappearstheninAdamSmith'stheory，thattheelementofmoralityinactionsonlyreallyarisesfromreferencetotheirtendency。Thesentimentoraffectionoftheheartfromwhichallactionresultsmayinrelationtoitscauseormotiveberegardedasunsuitableordisproportionate，accordingasitexceedsorfallsshortofthatmeanpointwithwhichthegeneralobservercansympathize。Itmaybethusapprovedordisapprovedasproperorimproper，butitisnotapplaudedorcondemnedasmoralorimmoral。
　　Anangerwhichisoutofproportiontothecauseofitsprovocation，astateofjoyorsorrowoutofkeepingwiththeirorigin，agenerosityorbenevolencethatseemexcessive，areblamednotasimmoral，butasoutofharmonywiththefeelingsofaspectator。Sowithreferencetothebodilypassions，itistheofficeoftemperancetoconfinethemwithinthoselimits"whichgrace，whichpropriety，whichdelicacy，andmodestyrequire，"notwithinthosewhichmoralityrequire。Itisonlywhenregardispaidtotheeffectswhichflowfromdifferentactions，thatastrongerfeelingappears，afeelingnotmerelyofproprietyorim-propriety，butoftheirmeritordemerit，orinotherwords，oftheirmoralworthorthecontrary。
　　Itisonlyactionsofabeneficenttendency，whichproceedfrompropermotives，thatarethusmeritorious，forsuchactionsaloneseemtodeserveareward，fromthegratitudetheycommandfromaspectatorthroughsympathy。Anditisonlyactionsofahurtfultendency，whichproceedfromimpropermotives，thatseemreallywicked，fortheyaloneseemtodeserveapunishment，fromtheresentmenttheyinspireaspectatorwithbysympathy。
　　AdamSmithillustrateshistheorythatthewrongfulnessordemeritofactionsdependsonoursenseoftheirdeservingtobepunishedbythetwovirtuesofbeneficenceandjustice。Themerewantofbeneficence，theneglecttodothegoodexpectedofone，maygiverisetofeelingsofdislikeanddis-approbation，butasitdoesnorealpositiveevil，itprovokesnofeelingofsympatheticresentment。Takeacaseoftheblackestingratitude，whereamanfailstorecompensehisbenefactor，whenthelatterstandsingreatneedofhisassistance。Everyimpartialspectatorrejectsallfellow-feelingwiththeselfishnessofhismotives，andheistheproperobjectofthehighestdisapprobation。Stillsincehedoesnopositivehurt，butonlyneglectstodothegoodhemight，heistheobjectofhatred，notofresentment，twopassionswhichdifferinthisrespect，thatwhilsttheformeriscalledforthbyimproprietyofsentimentandbehaviour，thelatterisonlyprovokedbyactionswhichtendtodorealandpositivehurttosomeparticularpersons。Ingratitudethereforecannotbepunished。
　　Itisimproper，andmeetswiththedisapprobationofthespectator，butitisnotwrongorimmoral，in。thesenseinwhichitwouldbe，ifitwentastepfurther，andraisedafeelingofresentmentbyactualhurtfulnessoftendencyagainstsomebody。
　　Theproperdegreeofbeneficence，moreover，asthatwhichordinaryexperienceleadsustoexpect，andalsomakesthemeasureofourpraiseorblame，isinitselfneitherpraiseworthynorblameable。Asitisonlythedefectofordinarybeneficencewhichincursourblame，soitisonlytheexcessofitwhichdeservesourpraise。Afather，orson，orbrother，whobehavestothecorrespondentrelationneitherbetternorworsethantheaverageofmankinddo，seemstodeserveneitherpraisenorblame。Hisconduct，thoughitmayattainthatpointatwhichwerecognizeitsproprietyandsocommandourapprobation，commandsnothingmore。Itisonlywhenwearesurprisedbyunexpected，thoughproperkindness，orbyunexpectedandimproperunkindness，thatitattainsthepointofbeingpraiseworthyorthereverse。
　　Beneficence，whenitthusattainsahighdegree，whenitbecomesproductiveofthegreatestgood，atoncebecomestheobjectoftheliveliestgratitude，appearstobedeservingofthehighestreward，andconsequentlyappearsasmeritoriousandpraiseworthy。
　　Thevirtueofjusticediffersfromthatofbeneficenceinthattheviolationofit，bydoingrealandpositivehurttosomeparticularpersons，frommotivesthataredisapprovedof，isthenaturalobjectofresentment，andcallsinconsequenceforpunishment。Resentmentwasgiventous"bynaturefordefence，andfordefenceonly。Itisthesafeguardofjusticeandthesecurityofinnocence。Itpromptsustobeatoffthemischiefwhichisattemptedtobedonetous，andtoretaliatethatwhichisalreadydone，thattheoffendermaybemadetorepentofhisinjustice，andthatothers，throughfearofthelikepunishment，maybeterrifiedfrombeingguiltyofthelikeoffence。"Asmankindgenerallyapproveoftheviolenceemployedtoavengethehurtwhichis，donebyinjustice，sotheymuchmoreapproveofthatwhichisemployedtopre-ventandbeatofftheinjury，andtorestraintheoffenderfromhurtinghisneighbour。Eventhepersonguiltyofintendinginjusticefeelsthatforcemaybeusedagainsthim，bothbythepersonheisabouttoinjure，orbyothers，eithertoobstructtheexecutionofhiscrime，ortopunishhimwhenhehasexecutedit。
　　Thisfactaccountsforthegreatdistinctionbetweenjusticeandalltheothersocialvirtues，thatwefeelahigherobligationtoactaccordingtojusticethanaccordingtofriendship，charity，orgenerosity；andthat，whilethepracticeofthelattervirtuesseemstobeleftinsomemeasuretoourownchoice，wefeelourselvestobe"inapeculiarmannertied，bound，andobligedtotheobservationofjustice。"Forwefeelthatforcemay，withtheutmostpropriety，andwiththeapprobationofmankind，bemadeuseoftocompelustoobservetherulesoftheone，butnottofollowthepreceptsoftheothers。
　　Itisthisfeeling，then，ofthelegitimateuseofforceandpunishmentwhichmakesusviewwithsomuchstrongerasenseofdisapprobationactionswhichareunjustthatis，injurioustoothersthanactionswhicharemerelybreachesofthatproprietywhichweliketoseeobservedinthevariousrelationshipsthatconnectmentogether。Afatherwhofailsintheordinarydegreeofparentalaffectiontoason，orasonwhoiswantinginfilialrespectforhisfather，oramanwhoshutsuphisheartagainstcompassion，incur，indeed，blame；butnotthatsuperiordegreeofblamewhichrelatestoactionsofapositivelyhurtfultendency。
　　Butthoughthissuperiorformofdisapprobationattachesitselftoactsofinjustice，justasasuperiorformofapprobationattachesitselftoactnsofgreatbeneficence，thereisnomoremeritintheobservanceofjusticethanthereisdemeritintheneglectofbeneficence。"Thereis，nodoubt，aproprietyinthepracticeofjustice，anditmeritsuponthataccountalltheapprobationwhichisduetopropriety。Butasitdoesnorealpositivegood，itisentitledtoverylittlegratitude。Merejusticeis，uponmostoccasions，butanegativevirtue，andonlyhindersusfromhurtingourneighbour。Themanwhobarelyabstainsfromviolatingeitherthepersonortheestateorthereputationofhisneighbours，hassurelyverylittlepositivemerit……Wemayoftenfulfilalltherulesofjusticebysittingstillanddoingnothing。"Asbeforeexplained，thesenseofthemeritofanactionisdifferentfromthesenseofitspropriety，andunlessanactionhasboththesecharacteristics，itdoesnotreallysatisfytheconditionsofmorality。
　　Inproportion，therefore，totheresentmentnaturallyfeltbyasuffererfrominjusticeisthesympatheticindignationofthespectator，andthesenseofguiltintheagent。Buttheresentmentitself，beingproportionedtotheevildonebyanact，thedemeritofanactmaybemeasuredbytheevilitcauses。Deathbeingthegreatestevilonemancandotoanother，andconsequentlyincurringthehighestindignationfromthoseconnectedwiththeslainman，takesrankastheworstofallcrimes。Injuriestoaman'spropertyandpossessionsbeinglesshurtfultohimthananinjurytohislifeorperson，theftandrobberyranknexttomurderinatrocity。
　　Andasitisasmallereviltobedisappointedofwhatwehaveonlyinexpectationthantobedeprivedofwhatwehaveinpossession，breachofcontractisalessheinouscrimethanonewhichattacksaman'sactualproperty。
　　CHAPTERV。INFLUENCEOFPROSPERITYORADVERSITY，CHANCE，AND