WhenitisrecollectedhowmuchhasbeenwrittentodescribetheSettlementofNewSouthWales,itseemsnecessaryifnottoofferanapology,yettoassignareason,foranadditionalpublication.
　　TheAuthorembarkedinthefleetwhichsailedtofoundtheestablishmentatBotanyBay.HeshortlyafterpublishedaNarrativeoftheProceedingsandStateoftheColony,broughtuptothebeginningofJuly,1788,whichwaswellreceived,andpassedthroughthreeeditions.Thiscouldnotbutinspirebothconfidenceandgratitude;butgratitude,wouldbebadlymanifestedwereheonthepresumptionofformerfavourtolayclaimtopresentindulgence.Heresumesthesubjectinthehumblehopeofcommunicatinginformation,andincreasingknowledge,ofthecountry,whichhedescribes.
　　HeresidedatPortJacksonnearlyfouryears:fromthe20thofJanuary,1788,untilthe18thofDecember,1791.Toanactiveandcontemplativemind,anewcountryisaninexhaustiblesourceofcuriosityandspeculation.
　　Itwastheauthor'scustomnotonlytonotedailyoccurrences,andtoinspectandrecordtheprogressionofimprovement;butalso,whennotpreventedbymilitaryduties,topenetratethesurroundingcountryindifferentdirections,inordertoexamineitsnature,andascertainitsrelativegeographicalsituations.
　　Thegreatestpartoftheworkisinevitablycomposedofthosematerialswhichajournalsupplies;butwhereverreflectionscouldbeintroducedwithoutfastidiousnessandparade,hehasnotscrupledtoindulgethem,incommonwitheveryotherdeviationwhichthestrictnessofnarrativewouldallow.
　　Whenthispublicationwasnearlyreadyforthepress;andwhenmanyoftheopinionswhichitrecordshadbeendeclared,freshaccountsfromPortJacksonwerereceived.Tothestateofacountry,wheresomanyanxioustryinghoursofhislifehavepassed,theauthorcannotfeelindifferent.
　　Ifbyanysuddenrevolutionofthelawsofnature;orbyanyfortunatediscoveryofthoseonthespot,ithasreallybecomethatfertileandprosperousland,whichsomerepresentittobe,hebegspermissiontoaddhisvoicetothegeneralcongratulation.Herejoicesatitssuccess:
　　butitisonlyjusticetohimselfandthosewithwhomheactedtodeclare,thattheyfeelnocauseofreproachthatsocompleteandhappyanalterationdidnottakeplaceatanearlierperiod.
　　CHAPTERI.
　　ARetrospectoftheStateoftheColonyofPortJackson,ontheDateofmyformerNarrative,inJuly,1788.
　　Previoustocommencinganyfartheraccountofthesubject,whichIamabouttotreat,sucharetrospectionofthecircumstancesandsituationofthesettlement,attheconclusionofmyformerNarrative,asshalllayitsstatebeforethereader,seemsnecessary,inordertoconnectthepresentwiththepast.
　　ThedepartureofthefirstfleetofshipsforEurope,onthe14thofJuly,1788,hadbeenlongimpatientlyexpected;andhadfilleduswithanxiety,tocommunicatetoourfriendsanaccountofoursituation;
　　describingtheprogressofimprovement,andtheprobabilityofsuccess,orfailure,inourenterprise.Thatmenshouldjudgeveryoppositelyonsodoubtfulandprecariousanevent,willhardlysurprise.
　　Suchrelationscouldcontainlittlebesidesthesanguinenessofhope,andtheenumerationofhardshipsanddifficulties,whichformeraccountshadnotledustoexpect.SinceourdisembarkationintheprecedingJanuary,theeffortsofeveryonehadbeenunremittinglyexerted,todepositthepublicstoresinastateofshelterandsecurity,andtoerecthabitationsforourselves.Wewereeagertoescapefromtents,whereafoldofcanvas,only,interposedtochecktheverticbeamsofthesuninsummer,andthechillingblastsofthesouthinwinter.Amarkeepitched,inourfinestseason,onanEnglishlawn;oratransientviewofthosegaycamps,nearthemetropolis,whichsomanyremember,naturallydrawsforthcarelessandunmeaningexclamationsofrapture,whichattachideasofpleasureonly,tothispartofasoldier'slife.Butanencampmentamidsttherocksandwildsofanewcountry,aggravatedbythemiseriesofbaddiet,andincessanttoil,willfindfewadmirers.
　　Norwereourexertionslessunsuccessfulthantheywerelaborious.
　　Underwretchedcoversofthatchlayourprovisionsandstores,exposedtodestructionfromeveryflashoflightning,andeverysparkoffire.
　　Afewoftheconvictshadgotintohuts;butalmostalltheofficers,andthewholeofthesoldiery,werestillintents.
　　Insuchasituation,whereknowledgeofthemechanicartsaffordedthesurestrecommendationtonotice,itmaybeeasilyconceived,thatattentiontotheparadedutyofthetroops,graduallydiminished.
　　Nowweretobeseenofficersandsoldiersnot"trailingthepuissantpike"
　　butfellingtheponderousgum-tree,orbreakingthestubbornclod.
　　Andthough"thebroadfalchiondidnotinaploughshareend"thepossessionofaspade,awheelbarrow,oradunghill,wasmorecovetedthanthemostrefulgentarmsinwhichheroismeverdazzled.Thosehours,whichinothercountriesaredevotedtomartialacquirements,werehereconsumedinthelaboursofthesawpit,theforgeandthequarry*.
　　[*"TheSwedishprisoners,takenatthebattleofPultowa,weretransportedbytheCzarPetertothemostremotepartsofSiberia,withaviewtocivilizethenativesofthecountry,andteachthemtheartstheSwedespossessed.Inthishopelesssituation,alltracesofdisciplineandsubordination,betweenthedifferentranks,werequicklyobliterated.Thesoldiers,whowerehusbandmenandartificers,foundouttheirsuperiority,andassumedit:
　　theofficersbecametheirservants."VOLTAIRE.]
　　Ofthetwoshipsofwar,the'Sirius'and'Supply',thelatterwasincessantlyemployedintransportingtroops,convicts,andstores,toNorfolkIsland;
　　andthe'Sirius'inpreparingforavoyagetosomeport,whereprovisionsforourusemightbepurchased,theexpectedsupplyfromEnglandnothavingarrived.Itisbutjusticetotheofficersandmenofboththeseshipstoadd,that,onalloccasions,theyfullysharedeveryhardshipandfatiguewiththoseonshore.
　　Ontheconvictstheburdenfellyetheavier:necessitycompelledustoallottothemthemostslavishandlaboriousemployments.Thoseoperations,whichinothercountriesareperformedbythebrutecreation,werehereeffectedbytheexertionsofmen:butthisoughtnottobeconsideredagrievance;becausetheyhadalwaysbeentaughttoexpectit,astheinevitableconsequenceoftheiroffencesagainstsociety.
　　Severitywasrarelyexercisedonthem;andjusticewasadministeredwithoutpartialityordiscrimination.Theirrationofprovisions,exceptinbeingdebarredfromanallowanceofspirits,wasequaltothatwhichthemarinesreceived.UnderthesecircumstancesIrecordwithpleasure,thattheybehavedbetterthanhadbeenpredictedofthem——tohaveexpectedsuddenandcompletereformationofconduct,wereromanticandchimerical.
　　Ourcultivationofthelandwasyetinitsinfancy.WehadhithertotriedonlythecountrycontiguoustoSydney.Herethegovernorhadestablishedagovernment-farm;attheheadofwhichacompetentpersonofhisownhouseholdwasplaced,withconvictstoworkunderhim.Almostthewholeoftheofficerslikewiseacceptedofsmalltractsofground,forthepurposeofraisinggrainandvegetables:butexperienceprovedtous,thatthesoilwouldproduceneitherwithoutmanure;andasthiswasnottobeprocured,ourvigoursoonslackened;andmostofthefarmsamongwhichwastheonebelongingtogovernmentweresuccessivelyabandoned.
　　Withthenativeswewereverylittlemoreacquaintedthanonourarrivalinthecountry.Ourintercoursewiththemwasneitherfrequentorcordial.
　　Theyseemedstudiouslytoavoidus,eitherfromfear,jealousy,orhatred.
　　Whentheymetwithunarmedstragglers,theysometimeskilled,andsometimeswoundedthem.Iconfessthat,incommonwithmanyothers,Iwasinclinedtoattributethisconduct,toaspiritofmalignantlevity.Butafartheracquaintancewiththem,foundedonseveralinstancesoftheirhumanityandgenerosity,whichshallbenoticedintheirproperplaces,hasentirelyreversedmyopinion;andledmetoconclude,thattheunprovokedoutragescommitteduponthem,byunprincipledindividualsamongus,causedtheevilswehadexperienced.Topreventthemfrombeingplunderedoftheirfishing-tackleandweaponsofwar,aproclamationwasissued,forbiddingtheirsaleamongus;butitwasnotattendedwiththegoodeffectwhichwashopedforfromit.
　　Duringthisperiod,notwithstandingthewantoffreshprovisionsandvegetables,andalmostconstantexposuretothevicissitudesofavariableclimate,diseaserarelyattackedus;andthenumberofdeaths,wastooinconsiderabletodeservemention.
　　NorfolkIslandhadbeentakenpossessionof,byapartydetachedforthatpurpose,earlyafterourarrival.Fewaccountsofithadyetreachedus.
　　AndhereIbegleavetoobserve,thatasIcanspeakofthisislandonlyfromtherelationsofothers,neverhavingmyselfbeenthere,Ishallineverypartofthisworkmentionitassparinglyaspossible.
　　Andthismoreespecially,asitseemsprobable,thatsomeofthosegentlemen,whofromaccurateknowledge,andlongresidenceonit,arequalifiedtowriteitshistory,willobligetheworldwithsuchapublication.
　　CHAPTERII.
　　TransactionsoftheColonyfromthesailingoftheFirstFleetinJuly,1788,totheCloseofthatYear.
　　Itwasimpossibletobeholdwithoutemotionthedepartureoftheships.
　　OntheirspeedyarrivalinEnglandperhapshingedourfate;byhasteningoursuppliestous.
　　Onthe20thofJuly,the'Supply'sailedforNorfolkIsland,andreturnedtousonthe26thofAugust;bringingnomaterialnews,exceptthatthesoilwasfoundtosuitgrain,andotherseeds,whichhadbeensowninit,andthataspeciesofflax-plantwasdiscoveredtogrowspontaneouslyontheisland.
　　AsurveyoftheharbourofPortJacksonwasnowundertaken,inordertocomputethenumberofcanoes,andinhabitants,whichitmightcontain:
　　sixty-sevencanoes,and147peoplewerecounted.Noestimate,however,ofeventolerableaccuracy,canbedrawnfromsoimperfectadatum;
　　thoughitwasperhapsthebestinourpowertoacquire.
　　InJulyandAugust,weexperiencedmoreinclementtempestuousweatherthanhadbeenobservedatanyformerperiodofequalduration.Andyetitdeservestoberemarked,inhonouroftheclimate,that,althoughournumberofpeopleexceeded900,notasingledeathhappenedinthelattermonth.
　　Thedreadofwantinacountrydestituteofnaturalresourceiseverpeculiarlyterrible.Wehadlongturnedoureyeswithimpatiencetowardsthesea,cheeredbythehopeofseeingsuppliesfromEnglandapproach.
　　Butnonearriving,onthe2dofOctoberthe'Sirius'sailedfortheCapeofGoodHope,withdirectionstopurchaseprovisionsthere,fortheuseofourgarrison.
　　Anewsettlement,namedbythegovernorRoseHill,16milesinland,wasestablishedonthe3dofNovember,thesoilherebeingjudgedbetterthanthataroundSydney.Asmallredoubtwasthrownup,andacaptain'sdetachmentpostedinit,toprotecttheconvictswhowereemployedtocultivatetheground.
　　ThetwolastofthetransportsleftusforEnglandonthe19thofNovember,intendingtomaketheirpassagebyCapeHorn.Therenowremainedwithusonlythe'Supply'.Sequesteredandcutoffaswewerefromtherestofcivilizednature,theirabsencecarriedtheeffectofdesolation.
　　Aboutthistimeaconvict,ofthenameofDaly,washanged,foraburglary:
　　thisculprit,whowasanotoriousthiefandimpostor,wastheauthorofadiscoveryofagoldmine,afewmonthsbefore:acompositionresemblingoremingledwithearth,whichhepretendedtohavebroughtfromit,heproduced.Afteranumberofattendantcircumstances,tooludicrousandcontemptibletorelate,whichbefellaparty,whoweresentunderhisguidancetoexplorethissecondPeru,heatlastconfessed,thathehadbrokenupanoldpairofbuckles,andmixedthepieceswithsandandstone;andonassayingthecomposition,thebrasswasdetected.
　　ThefateofthisfellowIshouldnotdeemworthrecording,diditnotleadtothefollowingobservation,thattheutmostcircumspectionisnecessarytopreventimposition,inthosewhogiveaccountsofwhattheyseeinunknowncountries.Wefoundtheconvictsparticularlyhappyinfertilityofinvention,andexaggerateddescriptions.Hencelargefreshwaterrivers,valuableores,andquarriesoflimestone,chalk,andmarble,weredailyproclaimedsoonafterwehadlanded.Atfirstwehearkenedwithaviditytosuchaccounts;butperpetualdisappointmentstaughtustolistenwithcaution,andtobelievefromdemonstrationonly.
　　Unabatedanimositycontinuedtoprevailbetweenthenativesandus:
　　nadditiontoformerlosses,asoldierandseveralconvictssuddenlydisappeared,andwereneverafterwardsheardof.Threeconvictswerealsowounded,andonekilledbythem,nearBotanyBay:similartothevindictivespiritwhichMr.CookfoundtoexistamongtheircountrymenatEndeavourRiver,theymorethanonceattemptedtosetfiretocombustiblematter,inordertoannoyus.Earlyonthemorningofthe18thofDecember,wordwasbroughtthattheywereassembledinforce,nearthebrick-kilns,whichstandbutamilefromthetownofSydney.
　　Theterrorofthosewhobroughtthefirstintelligencemagnifiedthenumbertotwothousand;asecondmessengerdiminishedittofourhundred.
　　Adetachment,underthecommandofanofficerwasorderedtomarchimmediately,andreconnoitrethem.Theofficersoonreturned,andreported,thataboutfiftyIndianshadappearedatthebrick-kilns;butupontheconvicts,whowereatworkthere,pointingtheirspadesandshovelsatthem,inthemannerofguns,theyhadfledintothewoods.
　　Tiredofthisstateofpettywarfareandendlessuncertainty,thegovernoratlengthdeterminedtoadoptadecisivemeasure,bycapturingsomeofthem,andretainingthembyforce;whichwesupposedwouldeitherinflametheresttosignalvengeance,inwhichcaseweshouldknowtheworst,andprovideaccordingly:orelseitwouldinduceanintercourse,bythereportwhichourprisonerswouldmakeofthemildnessandindulgencewithwhichweusedthem.Andfarther,itpromisedtounveilthecauseoftheirmysteriousconduct,byputtingusinpossessionoftheirreasonsforharassinganddestroyingourpeople,inthemannerIhaverelated.Boatswereaccordinglyorderedtobegotready,andeverypreparationmade,whichcouldleadtotheattainmentofourobject.
　　Butasthissubjectdeservestobeparticularlydetailed,Ishall,notwithstandingitsbeingjustwithintheperiodoftimewhichthischapterprofessestocomprise,allotitaseparateplace,inthebeginningofthenext.
　　NorcanIclosethispartofmyworkwithoutcongratulatingboththereaderandtheauthor.Newmatternowpresentsitself.Aconsiderablepartoftheforegoingchaptershadbeenrelatedbefore,eitherbyothersormyself.
　　Iwashowever,unavoidablycompelledtoinsertit,inordertopreserveunbrokenthatchainofdetail,andperspicuityofarrangement,atwhichbooksprofessingtoconveyinformationshouldespeciallyaim.
　　CHAPTERIII.
　　TransactionsoftheColony,fromtheCommencementoftheYear1789,untiltheEndofMarch.
　　Pursuanttohisresolution,thegovernoronthe31stofDecembersenttwoboats,underthecommandofLieutenantBallofthe'Supply',andLieutenantGeorgeJohnstonofthemarines,downtheharbour,withdirectionstothoseofficerstoseizeandcarryoffsomeofthenatives.TheboatsproceededtoManlyCove,whereseveralIndianswereseenstandingonthebeach,whowereenticedbycourteousbehaviourandafewpresentstoenterintoconversation.Aproperopportunitybeingpresented,ourpeoplerushedinamongthem,andseizedtwomen:therestfled;butthecriesofthecaptivessoonbroughtthemback,withmanyothers,totheirrescue:andsodesperateweretheirstruggles,that,inspiteofeveryeffortonourside,onlyoneofthemwassecured;theothereffectedhisescape.Theboatsputoffwithoutdelay;andanattackfromtheshoreinstantlycommenced:
　　theythrewspears,stones,firebrands,andwhateverelsepresenteditself,attheboats;nordidtheyretreat,agreeabletotheirformercustom,untilmanymusquetswerefiredoverthem.
　　Theprisonerwasnowfastenedbyropestothethwartsoftheboat;andwhenhesawhimselfirretrievablydispartedfromhiscountrymen,setupthemostpiercingandlamentablecriesofdistress.Hisgrief,however,soondiminished:heacceptedandateofsomebroiledfishwhichwasgiventohim,andsullenlysubmittedtohisdestiny.
　　WhenthenewsofhisarrivalatSydneywasannounced,Iwentwitheveryotherpersontoseehim:heappearedtobeaboutthirtyyearsold,nottall,butrobustlymade;andofacountenancewhich,underhappiercircumstances,Ithoughtwoulddisplaymanlinessandsensibility;hisagitationwasexcessive,andtheclamourouscrowdswhoflockedaroundhimdidnotcontributetolessenit.Curiosityandobservationseemed,nevertheless,nottohavewhollydesertedhim;heshewedtheeffectofnoveltyuponignorance;
　　hewonderedatallhesaw:thoughbrokenandinterruptedwithdismay,hisvoicewassoftandmusical,whenitsnaturaltonecouldbeheard;
　　andhereadilypronouncedwithtolerableaccuracythenamesofthingswhichweretaughthim.Toourladieshequicklybecameextraordinarilycourteous,asuresignthathisterrorwaswearingoff.
　　Everyblandishmentwasusedtosoothehim,andithaditseffect.
　　Ashewasenteringthegovernor'shouse,someonetouchedasmallbellwhichhungoverthedoor:hestartedwithhorrorandastonishment;
　　butinamomentafterwasreconciledtothenoise,andlaughedatthecauseofhisperturbation.Whenpictureswereshowntohim,heknewdirectlythosewhichrepresentedthehumanfigure:amongothers,averylargehandsomeprintofherroyalhighnesstheDutchessofCumberlandbeingproduced,hecalledout'woman',anamebywhichwehadjustbeforetaughthimtocallthefemaleconvicts.Platesofbirdsandbeastswerealsolaidbeforehim;
　　andmanypeoplewereledtobelieve,thatsuchashespokeaboutandpointedtowereknowntohim.Butthismusthavebeenanerroneousconjecture,fortheelephant,rhinoceros,andseveralothers,whichwemusthavediscovereddidtheyexistinthecountry,wereofthenumber.Again,ontheotherhand,thosehedidnotpointout,wereequallyunknowntohim.
　　Hiscuriosityherebeingsatiated,wetookhimtoalargebrickhouse,whichwasbuildingforthegovernor'sresidence:beingabouttoenter,hecastuphiseyes,andseeingsomepeopleleaningoutofawindowonthefirststory,heexclaimedaloud,andtestifiedthemostextravagantsurprise.Nothingherewasobservedtofixhisattentionsostronglyassometamefowls,whowerefeedingnearhim:ourdogsalsoheparticularlynoticed;butseemedmorefearfulthanfondofthem.
　　Hedinedataside-tableatthegovernor's;andateheartilyoffishandducks,whichhefirstcooled.Breadandsaltmeathesmelledat,butwouldnottaste:
　　allourliquorshetreatedinthesamemanner,andcoulddrinknothingbutwater.Onbeingshownthathewasnottowipehishandsonthechairwhichhesatupon,heusedatowelwhichwasgavetohim,withgreatcleanlinessanddecency.
　　Intheafternoonhishairwascloselycut,hisheadcombed,andhisbeardshaved;buthewouldnotsubmittotheseoperationsuntilhehadseenthemperformedonanotherperson,whenhereadilyacquiesced.Hishair,asmightbesupposed,wasfilledwithvermin,whosedestructionseemedtoaffordhimgreattriumph;nay,eitherrevenge,orpleasure,promptedhimtoeatthem!butonourexpressingdisgustandabhorrenceheleftitoff.
　　Tothissucceededhisimmersioninatubofwaterandsoap,wherehewascompletelywashedandscrubbedfromheadtofoot;afterwhichashirt,ajacket,andapairoftrousers,wereputuponhim.SomepartofthisablutionIhadthehonourtoperform,inorderthatImightascertaintherealcolouroftheskinofthesepeople.MyobservationthenwasandithassincebeenconfirmedinathousandotherinstancesthattheyareasblackasthelightercastoftheAfricannegroes.
　　Manyunsuccessfulattemptsweremadetolearnhisname;thegovernorthereforecalledhimManly,fromthecoveinwhichhewascaptured:thiscovehadreceiveditsnamefromthemanlyundauntedbehaviourofapartyofnativesseenthere,onourtakingpossessionofthecountry.
　　Topreventhisescape,ahandcuffwitharopeattachedtoit,wasfastenedaroundhisleftwrist,whichatfirsthighlydelightedhim;hecalledit'bengadee'orornament,buthisdelightchangedtorageandhatredwhenhediscovereditsuse.Hissupperhecookedhimself:somefishweregiventohimforthispurpose,which,withoutanypreviouspreparationwhatever,hethrewcarelesslyonthefire,andwhentheybecamewarmtookthemup,andfirstrubbedoffthescales,peeledtheoutsidewithhisteeth,andateit;afterwardsheguttedthem,andlayingthemagainonthefire,completedthedressing,andatethem.
　　Aconvictwasselectedtosleepwithhim,andtoattendhimwhereverhemightgo.Whenhewentwithhiskeeperintohisapartmentheappearedveryrestlessanduneasywhilealightwaskeptin;butonitsextinction,heimmediatelylaydownandcomposedhimself.
　　Sullennessanddejectionstronglymarkedhiscountenanceonthefollowingmorning;toamusehim,hewastakenaroundthecamp,andtotheobservatory:
　　castinghiseyestotheoppositeshorefromthepointwherehestood,andseeingthesmokeoffirelightedbyhiscountrymen,helookedearnestlyatit,andsighingdeeplytwoorthreetimes,utteredtheword'gweeun'fire.
　　Hislossofspiritshadnot,however,theeffectofimpairinghisappetite;
　　eightfish,eachweighingaboutapound,constitutedhisbreakfast,whichhedressedasbefore.Whenhehadfinishedhisrepast,heturnedhisbacktothefireinamusingposture,andcreptsoclosetoit,thathisshirtwascaughtbytheflame;luckilyhiskeepersoonextinguishedit;buthewassoterrifiedattheaccident,thathewaswithdifficultypersuadedtoputonasecond.
　　1st.January,1789.To-daybeingnew-year's-day,mostoftheofficerswereinvitedtothegovernor'stable:Manlydinedheartilyonfishandroastedpork;hewasseatedonachestnearawindow,outofwhich,whenhehaddoneeating,hewouldhavethrownhisplate,hadhenotbeenprevented:duringdinner-timeabandofmusicplayedinanadjoiningapartment;andaftertheclothwasremoved,oneofthecompanysanginaverysoftandsuperiorstyle;butthepowersofmelodywerelostonManly,whichdisappointedourexpectations,ashehadbeforeshownpleasureandreadinessinimitatingourtunes.Stretchedoutonhischest,andputtinghishatunderhishead,hefellasleep.
　　Toconvincehiscountrymenthathehadreceivednoinjuryfromus,thegovernortookhiminaboatdowntheharbour,thattheymightseeandconversewithhim:whentheboatarrived,andlayatalittledistancefromthebeach,severalIndianswhohadretiredatherapproach,onseeingManly,returned:hewasgreatlyaffected,andshedtears.
　　Atlengththeybegantoconverse.Ourignoranceofthelanguagepreventedusfromknowingmuchofwhatpassed;itwas,however,easilyunderstoodthathisfriendsaskedhimwhyhedidnotjumpoverboard,andrejointhem.
　　Heonlysighed,andpointedtothefetteronhisleg,bywhichhewasbound.
　　Ingoingdowntheharbourhehaddescribedthenamesbywhichtheydistinguishitsnumerouscreeksandheadlands:hewasnowoftenheardtorepeatthatof'Weerong'SydneyCove,whichwasdoubtlesstoinformhiscountrymenoftheplaceofhiscaptivity;andperhapsinvitethemtorescuehim.
　　Bythistimehisgloomwaschasedaway,andhepartedfromhisfriendswithouttestifyingreluctance.Hisvivacityandgoodhumourcontinuedalltheevening,andproducedsogoodaneffectonhisappetite,thatheateforsuppertwokangaroorats,eachofthesizeofamoderaterabbit,andinadditionnotlessthanthreepoundsoffish.
　　Twodaysafterhewastakenonasimilarexcursion;buttooursurprisethenativeskeptaloof,andwouldneitherapproachtheshore,ordiscoursewiththeircountryman:wecouldgetnoexplanationofthisdifficulty,whichseemedtoaffectusmorethanitdidhim.Uncourteousastheywere,heperformedtothemanactofattentivebenevolence;seeingabasketmadeofbark,usedbythemtocarrywater,heconveyedintoittwohawksandanotherbird,whichthepeopleintheboathadshot,andcarefullycoveringthemover,leftthemasapresenttohisoldfriends.Butindeedthegentlenessandhumanityofhisdispositionfrequentlydisplayedthemselves:
　　whenourchildren,stimulatedbywantoncuriosity,usedtoflockaroundhim,heneverfailedtofondlethem,and,ifhewereeatingatthetime,constantlyofferedthemthechoicestpartofhisfare.
　　February,1789.Hisreserve,fromwantofconfidenceinus,continuedgraduallytowearaway:hetoldushisname,andManlygaveplacetoArabanoo.Breadhebegantorelish;andteahedrankwithavidity:
　　strongliquorshewouldnevertaste,turningfromthemwithdisgustandabhorrence.Ourdogsandcatshadceasedtobeobjectsoffear,andwerebecomehisgreatestpets,andconstantcompanionsattable.
　　Oneofourchiefamusements,aftertheclothwasremoved,wastomakehimrepeatthenamesofthingsinhislanguage,whichheneverhesitatedtodowiththeutmostalacrity,correctingourpronunciationwhenerroneous.
　　Muchinformationrelatingtothecustomsandmannersofhiscountrywasalsogainedfromhim:butasthissubjectwillbeseparatelyandamplytreated,Ishallnotanticipatemyselfbypartiallytouchingonithere.
　　Onthe2ndofFebruarydiedCaptainJohnSheaofthemarines,afteralingeringillness:hewasinterredonthefollowingday,withthecustomarymilitaryhonours,amidsttheregretofallwhoknewhim.
　　Inconsequenceofhisdecease,appointmentsforthepromotionoftheoldestofficerofeachsubordinaterankweresignedbythemajorcommandantofthemarinebattalion,untilthepleasureofthelordsoftheadmiraltyshouldbenotified.*
　　[*Theseappointmentswereconfirmedbytheadmiralty.]
　　Onthe17thofFebruarythe'Supply'againsailedforNorfolkIsland.
　　Thegovernorwentdowntheharbourinher,andcarriedArabanoowithhim,whowasobservedtogoonboardwithdistrustandreluctance;whenhefoundshewasundersail,everyeffortwastriedwithoutsuccesstoexhilaratehim;
　　atlength,anopportunitybeingpresented,heplungedoverboard,andstruckoutforthenearestshore:believingthatthosewhowereleftbehindwouldfireathim,heattemptedtodive,atwhichhewasknowntobeveryexpert:
　　butthiswasattendedwithadifficultywhichhehadnotforeseen:
　　hisclothesprovedsobuoyant,thathewasunabletogetmorethanhisheadunderwater:aboatwasimmediatelydispatchedafterhim,andpickedhimup,thoughnotwithoutstrugglesandresistanceonhisside.Whenbroughtonboard,heappearedneitherafraidorashamedofwhathehaddone,butsatapart,melancholyanddispirited,andcontinuedsountilhesawthegovernorandhisotherfriendsdescendintoaboat,andheardhimselfcalledupontoaccompanythem:hesprangforward,andhischeerfulnessandalacrityoftemperimmediatelyreturned,andlastedduringtheremainderoftheday.Thedreadofbeingcarriedaway,onanelementofwhoseboundaryhecouldformnoconception,joinedtotheuncertaintyofourintentiontowardshim,unquestionablycausedhimtoactashedid.
　　OneoftheprincipaleffectswhichwehadsupposedtheseizureandcaptivityofArabanoowouldproduce,seemedyetatasgreatadistanceasever;
　　thenativesneithermanifestedsignsofincreasedhostilityonhisaccount,orattemptedtoaskanyexplanationofourconductthroughthemediumoftheircountrymanwhowasinourpossession,andwhotheyknewwastreatedwithnofartherharshnessthaninbeingdetainedamongus.Theirforbearanceofopenanddeterminedattackuponcanbeaccountedforonlybyrecollectingtheirknowledgeofournumbers,andtheirdreadofourfire-arms:
　　thattheywantednotsufficientprovocationtodoso,willappearfromwhatIamabouttorelate.
　　March,1789.Sixteenconvictslefttheirworkatthebrick-kilnswithoutleave,andmarchedtoBotanyBay,withadesigntoattackthenatives,andtoplunderthemoftheirfishing-tackleandspears:theyhadarmedthemselveswiththeirworkingtoolsandlargeclubs.Whentheyarrivednearthebay,abodyofIndians,whohadprobablyseenthemsetout,andhadpenetratedtheirintentionfromexperience,suddenlyfelluponthem.
　　Ourheroeswereimmediatelyrouted,andseparatelyendeavouredtoeffecttheirescapebyanymeanswhichwereleft.Intheirflightonewaskilled,andsevenwerewounded,forthemostpartveryseverely:thosewhohadthegoodfortunetooutstriptheircomradesandarriveincamp,firstgavethealarm;andadetachmentofmarines,underanofficer,wasorderedtomarchtotheirrelief.TheofficerarrivedtoolatetorepeltheIndians;
　　buthebroughtinthebodyofthemanthatwaskilled,andputanendtothepursuit.Thegovernorwasjustlyincensedatwhathadhappened,andinstitutedthemostrigorousscrutinyintothecausewhichhadproducedit.
　　Atfirsttheconvictswereunanimousinaffirming,thattheywerequietlypickingsweet-tea*,whentheywerewithoutprovocationassaultedbythenatives,withwhomtheyhadnowishtoquarrel.Someofthem,however,moreirresolutethantherest,atlastdisclosedthepurposeforwhichtheexpeditionhadbeenundertaken;andthewholewereorderedtobeseverelyflogged:Arabanoowaspresentattheinflictionofthepunishment;
　　andwasmadetocomprehendthecauseandthenecessityofit;buthedisplayedontheoccasionsymptomsofdisgustandterroronly.
　　[*Avegetablecreeperfoundgrowingontherocks,whichyields,oninfusioninhotwater,asweetastringenttaste,whenceitderivesitsname:toitsvirtuesthehealthystateofthesoldieryandconvictsmustbegreatlyattributed.Itwasdrankuniversally.]
　　Onthe24thinstantthe'Supply'arrivedfromNorfolkIsland,andLordFloweIsland,bringingfromthelatterplacethreeturtles.
　　Anawfulandterribleexampleofjusticetookplacetowardsthecloseofthismonth,whichIrecordwithregret,butwhichitwouldbedisingenuoustosuppress.Sixmarines,theflowerofourbattalion,werehangedbythepublicexecutioner,onthesentenceofacriminalcourt,composedentirelyoftheirownofficers,forhavingatvarioustimesrobbedthepublicstoresofflour,meat,spirits,tobacco,andmanyotherarticles.
　　CHAPTERIV.
　　TransactionsoftheColonyinAprilandMay,1789.
　　Anextraordinarycalamitywasnowobservedamongthenatives.RepeatedaccountsbroughtbyourboatsoffindingbodiesoftheIndiansinallthecovesandinletsoftheharbour,causedthegentlemenofourhospitaltoprocuresomeofthemforthepurposesofexaminationandanatomy.Oninspection,itappearedthatallthepartieshaddiedanaturaldeath:pustules,similartothoseoccasionedbythesmallpox,werethicklyspreadonthebodies;buthowadisease,towhichourformerobservationshadledustosupposethemstrangers,couldatoncehaveintroduceditself,andhavespreadsowidely,seemedinexplicable.*Whatevermightbethecause,theexistenceofthemaladycouldnolongerbedoubted.IntelligencewasbroughtthatanIndianfamilylaysickinaneighbouringcove:
　　thegovernor,attendedbyArabanoo,andasurgeon,wentinaboatimmediatelytothespot.Heretheyfoundanoldmanstretchedbeforeafewlightedsticks,andaboyofnineortenyearsoldpouringwateronhishead,fromashellwhichheheldinhishand:nearthemlayafemalechilddead,andalittlefartheroff,itsunfortunatemother:thebodyofthewomanshewedthatfamine,superaddedtodisease,hadoccasionedherdeath:
　　eruptionscoveredthepoorboyfromheadtofoot;andtheoldmanwassoreduced,thathewaswithdifficultygotintotheboat.Theirsituationrenderedthemincapableofescape,andtheyquietlysubmittedtobeledaway.
　　Arabanoo,contrarytohisusualcharacter,seemedatfirstunwillingtorenderthemanyassistance;buthisshynesssoonworeoff,andhetreatedthemwiththekindestattention.Norwouldheleavetheplaceuntilhehadburiedthecorpseofthechild:thatofthewomanhedidnotseefromitssituation;andashiscountrymendidnotpointitout,thegovernororderedthatitshouldnotbeshowntohim.Hescoopedagraveinthesandwithhishands,ofnopeculiarityofshape,whichhelinedcompletelywithgrass,andputthebodyintoit,coveringitalsowithgrass;